REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
* The U.S. market for amino acids represents 20% of the global market with $1.8 billion (in 2011), and is likely to exceed $2 billion by 2016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5% between 2011 and 2016.
* Animal feed supplements accounted for the highest market share with expected sales of $1.03 billion in 2011. This should reach more than $1.2 billion in 2016 at a CAGR of 3.9%
* The market for flavorants is estimated to reach nearly $561 million in 2011 and is expected to increase at a 3% CAGR to reach $650 million in 2016
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This technical/marketing report updates a previous BCC Research study on commercial essential amino acids. Further, this study examines the current state of the commercial essential amino acid business, presents an in-depth analysis that forecasts and tracks significant change in the marketplace, and identifies those amino acids with current or potentially greater commercial significance.
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY
Commercial interest in amino acids is an outgrowth of an understanding of the many functions that these life-giving substances perform in humans and animals. As understanding of the functions and properties of amino acids increases, new commercial applications enter development, while current commercial uses continue to expand their worldwide markets. New production technology continues to make large-scale production of these products more economical. In turn, increased availability creates newer and larger markets for these vital substances.
Amino acids gained commercial significance shortly after the turn of the century with the discovery of the flavor-enhancing quality of glutamic acid and the marketing of monosodium glutamate in Japan. Increased knowledge of the role amino acids play in the value of nutritional protein led to their being used to fortify animal feeds, as food supplements for humans, and to sustain seriously ill patients who had to be fed with intravenous solutions.
Since the 20 protein amino acids can be arranged in any order to make any number of polypeptides, their potential for a variety of inventions in the field of medicine is extraordinary. Their current uses in animal feed and food additives will continue to grow as there are no substitutes for amino acids and their value has been well proven.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This comprehensive study provides facts, data, and insights to senior market and planning executives, venture capitalists, and for the amino acid product interest community. It will assist manufacturers of products in any of the applicable markets, as well as technical personnel involved in research and development of production technology for commercial amino acids. This especially includes readers in:
* The chemical industry
* Research institutions involved with studying amino acids
* Amino acid manufacturing
* Industries that have amino acid byproducts
SCOPE OF REPORT
This technical/market report outlines the properties of the 20 commercial essential amino acids that are delineated in the genetic code, current and future uses, technology, and their manufacturers. This report focuses on three commercial amino acid markets: animal feed supplements, flavoring and nutritional additives for human food, and specialty uses including medical, therapeutic, research, and industrial applications. Feed and food applications offer steady growth opportunities to their manufacturers and their use will continue to grow both as a result of population increases and an overall increase in the worldwide standard of living.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. Much of the information has been gathered through telephone conversations with key industry figures, as well as conversations with some of the academic experts in amino acid research. The balance of the information comes from secondary sources—available trade, technical, and government publications as well as an online data search of databases that cover all existing literature, and an evaluation of patents and company/research activities, including foreign work with future applicability in the U.S.
All value of shipments and value of manufacturers’ sales refer to specific markets in the U.S. International figures are given where appropriate. Volume and value figures are expressed in millions of pounds (lb/MM) and millions of dollars ($/MM) unless otherwise indicated. All figures are expressed in constant 2011 U.S. dollars. To make projections for the 2016 time period, the report relies on information regarding forces affecting specific markets, expected product INTRODUCTIONs, and anticipated pricing.
Where precise information was not forthcoming in some cases, a consensus was reached using a formulation of reasonable assumptions and estimates based on historical data. Projections are for the 2011 to 2016 time period.
Food Ingredient Industry in the United States
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE 1
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 2
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS 3
BCC ON-LINE SERVICES 3
DISCLAIMER 3
DISCLAIMER (CONTINUED) 4
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 5
SUMMARY 5
SUMMARY (CONTINUED) 6
SUMMARY TABLE US AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) 7
SUMMARY FIGURE US AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE, 2008-2016 ($
MILLIONS) 7
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACIDS 8
TABLE 1 THE PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS 8
COMMERCIAL INTERESTS 9
TABLE 2 MAJOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 9
FEED FORTIFICATION 9
FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS 10
SPECIALTY USES 10
DIETARY NEEDS 10
TABLE 3 THE “ESSENTIAL” AMINO ACIDS 11
BIOLOGIC VALUE OF AMINO ACID MIXTURES 11
TABLE 4 PROTEIN VALUES OF SELECTED FOODS 12
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE 12
AMINO ACID METABOLISM 13
PROPERTIES 13
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 14
TABLE 5 CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF AMINO ACIDS 14
ISOLATION/ANALYSIS 14
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY 14
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION 15
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 15
TABLE 6 AMINO ACIDS BY PRODUCTION METHODS 15
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 16
EXTRACTION 16
FERMENTATION 17
MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 17
TABLE 7 AMINO ACID PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION 18
CHEMICAL D SYNTHESIS 18
ENZYMATIC CONVERSION 19
REGULATION 19
FEDERAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) 19
US Pharmacopoeia (USP) 20
TABLE 8 USP VERIFIED AMINO ACID PRODUCTS 20
The Bush Administration 20
CHAPTER FOUR: STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY AND ITS
COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 21
TABLE 9 MAJOR AMINO ACID PRODUCERS, 2011 21
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) 22
FIGURE 1 SHARE OF GLOBAL AMINO ACIDS MARKET, 2011 (%) 22
FIGURE 1 (CONTINUED) 23
IMPORTANT STRATEGIES 23
MARKET SHARE 23
TABLE 10 LEADING PRODUCERS OF AMINO ACID BY TYPE 24
FIGURE 2 MARKET SHARE OF MAJOR PLAYERS, 2011 (%) 25
LEADING COMPANIES 25
ADISSEO USA 25
AJINOMOTO AMINOSCIENCE, LLC 26
AJINOMOTO CO 26
TABLE 11 NUMBER OF AJINOMOTO AFFLIATES PER CONTINENT 27
AJINOMOTO FOOD INGREDIENTS, LLC 27
AJINOMTO HEARTLAND, LLC 27
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO (ADM) 28
CJ CORPORATION 29
DAESANG CORPORATION 29
EVONIK 29
ICHIMARU PHARCOS CO, LTD 30
KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO 30
MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA 31
MONSANTO 31
NIPPON SODA 31
NOVUS INTERNATIONAL, INC 32
SANOFI-AVENTIS 33
SHOWA DENKO KK 33
TANABE USA INC 33
ZHEJIANG CHEMICALS 33
MARKET FORCES 34
CHAPTER FIVE: COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 35
TABLE 12 COMMERCIAL AMINO ACIDS BY USE 35
TABLE 13 US MARKET SIZE FOR AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 36
ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS 36
PHASE FEEDING 37
ANIMAL FEED REGULATION 38
International 39
TYPICAL ANIMAL FEED PRODUCT 39
Complete Protein Sources 39
New Amino Acid-Based Feed Products 40
AMINO ACID RESEARCH AND ANIMAL NUTRITION 40
FIGURE 3 ANIMAL FEED SUPPLEMENTS’ MARKET SHARE, 2011 (%) 41
FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 42
CHAPTER SIX: METHIONINE 43
METHIONINE 43
METHIONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 44
FIGURE 4 METHIONINE CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARES, 2011
(%) 45
METHIONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 45
FIGURE 5 WORLDWIDE METHIONINE MARKET SHARES BY
REGION, 2011 (%) 46
TABLE 14 MAJOR METHIONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY
WORLDWIDE BY COMPANY, 2011 (KILO TONS) 47
TABLE 15 METHIONINE MANUFACTURERS 48
TABLE 16 US METHIONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 48
TABLE 17 US METHIONINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES
ANNUAL CAPACITY, 2011 (MILLION LB) 49
METHIONINE PRODUCT TYPES AND COMPARATIVE
NUTRITIONAL VALUES 50
TABLE 18 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN METHIONINE DOMESTIC
CONSUMPTION: DL METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
LB) 50
TABLE 19 US CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB, 99% DL METHIONINE BASIS) 51
PRICE OF METHIONINE 51
TABLE 20 AVERAGE PRICE OF METHIONINE, THROUGH 2016
($/LB) 51
METHIONINE PATENTS 52
METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 53
METHIONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 54
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 55
TABLE 21 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011 55
TABLE 22 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO METHIONINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 56
TABLE 23 US PATENTS RELATED TO METHIONINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 56
CHAPTER SEVEN LYSINE 57
LYSINE 57
LYSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 58
TABLE 24 LYSINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KILO TONS) 59
CHINA AND FEED 59
FIGURE 6 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING LYSINE PRODUCERS,
2011 (%) 60
VALUE OF US LYSINE MARKET 61
TABLE 25 US LYSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 61
TABLE 26 ANNUAL US LYSINE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES,
2011 (KILO TONS) 61
TABLE 27 PRICE OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016 (985% L-LYSINE
MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 62
TABLE 28 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN LYSINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB, 985% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 63
TABLE 29 US CONSUMPTION OF LYSINE, THROUGH 2016
(MILLION LB, 985% L-LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE) 63
LYSINE PATENTS 64
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 65
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 66
LYSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 67
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 67
TABLE 30 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011 68
TABLE 31 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LYSINE
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 69
TABLE 32 US PATENTS RELATED TO LYSINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 70
CHAPTER EIGHT: THREONINE 71
THREONINE 71
THREONINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 72
TABLE 33 THREONINE PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2011 (KTONS) 72
FIGURE 7 MARKET SHARE FOR LEADING THREONINE
PRODUCERS, 2011 (%) 72
FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) 73
THREONINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 73
TABLE 34 THREONINE PRODUCERS 73
TABLE 35 US THREONINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 74
THREONINE PRICING 74
TABLE 36 PRICE OF THREONINE, THROUGH 2016 74
VALUE OF THE US THREONINE MARKET 74
THREONINE PATENTS 75
THREONINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 75
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 76
TABLE 37 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011 77
TABLE 38 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO THREONINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 77
TABLE 39 US PATENTS RELATED TO THREONINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 78
CHAPTER NINE: TRYPTOPHAN 79
TRYPTOPHAN 79
TRYPTOPHAN APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 80
TABLE 40 TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCERS 80
TRYPTOPHAN REGULATIONS 80
TRYPTOPHAN HEALTH APPLICATIONS 81
TRYPTOPHAN FAT FIGHTER 82
TRYPTOPHAN CAPACITY 82
PRICING 82
TABLE 41 TRYPTOPHAN PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/KG) 83
VALUE OF US TRYPTOPHAN MARKET 83
TABLE 42 US VALUE OF TRYPTOPHAN IN ANIMAL FEED,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 83
TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS 83
TRYPTOPHAN PATENTS (CONTINUED) 84
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 85
TABLE 43 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 85
TABLE 44 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 85
TABLE 45 US PATENTS RELATED TO L-TRYPTOPHAN PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1997–2011 86
CHAPTER TEN SUMMARY OF US MARKET SIZE FOR ANIMAL FEED
AMINO ACIDS 87
TABLE 46 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS US
MARKET, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 87
FIGURE 8 SUMMARY OF ANIMAL FEED AMINO ACIDS US
MARKET, 2008-2016 ($ MILLIONS) 88
CONSUMPTION OF METHIONINE, LYSINE, THREONINE AND
TRYPTOPHAN IN FEEDSTUFFS 88
POULTRY FEEDS 89
TABLE 47 POULTRY FEED COMPOSITIONS 89
TABLE 48 AMINO ACID FEED COMPOSITIONS (LB/TON) 90
SWINE FEEDS 90
TECHNICAL FACTORS 91
PHYTASE 91
HIGH CORN OIL (HOC) 91
HYDROLYSATES 91
ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS 91
DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE, SHEEP, AQUACULTURE, AND PET
FOOD 92
DAIRY AND BEEF CATTLE FEEDS 92
SHEEP FEEDS 92
AQUACULTURE 92
PET FOODS 92
TABLE 49 PET FOODS WITH ADDED AMINO ACIDS 93
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOD FLAVORING AGENTS 94
FIGURE 9 AMINO ACID FLAVORANTS WORLDWIDE MARKET
SHARE, 2011 (%) 94
FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED) 95
VALUE OF US MARKET FOR FOOD FLAVORINGS 95
TABLE 50 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 95
FIGURE 10 SUMMARY OF AMINO ACID FLAVORING AGENTS, 2008
AND 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 96
PHENYLALANINE 97
PHENYLALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS 97
Aspartame Artificial Sweeteners 97
Competitive Aspects of the Sweeteners Market 97
Aspartame-Sweetened Products 98
TABLE 51 SUGAR SUBSTITUTE PRICES, 2011 ($/100 COUNT BOX) 99
Diet Beverage Aspartame Use 99
Diet Candy Market 99
Aspartame and Coffee 100
Problems with Aspartame 100
PHENYLALANINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES 100
EUROPEAN ASPARTAME 100
PHENYLALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 101
TABLE 52 PHENYLALANINE PRODUCERS 101
PHENYLALANINE PRICING 101
TABLE 53 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1980-2016 ($/LB) 102
FIGURE 11 PHENYLALANINE PRICES, 1988-2016 ($/LB) 102
VALUE OF US PHENYLALANINE MARKET 103
TABLE 54 US PHENYLALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2013 ($
MILLIONS) 103
PHENYLALANINE PATENTS 103
Phenylalanine Patents (Continued) 104
Phenylalanine Patents (Continued) 105
Patents by Category 106
TABLE 55 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 107
TABLE 56 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO
PHENYLALANINE PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 108
TABLE 57 US PATENTS RELATED TO PHENYLALANINE
PRODUCTS BY YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 109
CHAPTER TWELVE: GLUTAMIC ACID 110
GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 110
GLUTAMIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS 111
MSG REGULATION 112
CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME 112
FASEB Report on MSG 113
FDA Proposals for MSG 114
Dangers of MSG 114
Truth in Labeling Campaign (TLC) 114
GLUTAMIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 115
TABLE 58 GLUTAMIC ACID MANUFACTURERS 115
PRICING 116
VALUE OF US GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET 116
TABLE 59 US GLUTAMIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 116
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS 116
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 117
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 118
GLUTAMIC ACID PATENTS (CONTINUED) 119
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 120
TABLE 60 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 120
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 121
TABLE 61 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMIC
ACID PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 121
TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 122
TABLE 62 US PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMIC ACID PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 122
CHAPTER THIRTEEN CYSTEINE/CYSTINE 123
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 123
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 124
TABLE 63 CYSTEINE PRODUCERS 124
CYSTEINE PRICING 124
VALUE OF US CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET 124
TABLE 64 US CYSTEINE/CYSTINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH
2016 (TONS/YEAR) 125
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS 125
CYSTEINE AND NUTRACEUTICALS 125
CYSTEINE/CYSTINE PATENTS 126
CYSTEINE AND HIV 126
Cysteine and HIV (Continued) 127
CYSTEINE AND COSMETICS 128
Cysteine and Cosmetics (Continued) 129
CYSTEINE PATENTS 130
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 131
TABLE 65 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 131
TABLE 65 (CONTINUED) 132
TABLE 66 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO CYSTEINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 132
TABLE 66 (CONTINUED) 133
TABLE 67 US PATENTS RELATED TO CYSTEINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 133
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: ASPARTIC ACID 134
ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 134
ASPARTIC ACID CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 134
TABLE 68 ASPARTIC ACID MANUFACTURERS 135
ASPARTIC ACID PRICING 135
TABLE 69 US ASPARTIC ACID MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 136
TABLE 70 ASPARTIC ACID PRICES, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) 136
ASPARTIC ACID APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION
PATTERNS 136
ASPARTIC ACID COPOLYMERS 136
ASPARTIC ACID PATENTS 137
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 138
TABLE 71 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 138
TABLE 72 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID
PRODUCTS, 1998-2011 139
TABLE 73 US PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARTIC ACID PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 140
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: SPECIALTY USES 141
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 141
RESEARCH PURPOSES 142
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 143
TABLE 74 AMINO ACIDS FOR SPECIALTY USES 143
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: GLYCINE 144
GLYCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 144
GLYCINE PATENTS 145
RECENT PATENTS 145
Recent Patents (Continued) 146
GLYCINE PHARMACEUTICAL USES 147
GLYCINE FOOD APPLICATIONS 147
GLYCINE NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS 148
GLYCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 148
TABLE 75 GLYCINE MANUFACTURERS 149
GLYCINE PRICING 149
VALUE OF US GLYCINE MARKET 149
TABLE 76 US GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) 149
FIGURE 12 US GLYCINE MARKET PRICE, 2011-2016 ($/LB) 150
TABLE 77 US GLYCINE IMPORTS, 2008-2016 (MILLION LB) 150
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: ALANINE 151
ALANINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 151
ALANINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 152
ALANINE PATENTS 152
ALANINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 153
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 154
TABLE 78 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 154
TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) 155
TABLE 79 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ALANINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 156
TABLE 80 US PATENTS RELATED TO ALANINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 157
ALANINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 157
TABLE 81 ALANINE MANUFACTURERS 157
ALANINE PRICING 157
VALUE OF US ALANINE MARKET 158
TABLE 82 US ALANINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 158
FIGURE 13 US ALANINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 158
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ARGININE 159
ARGININE PATENTS 159
RECENT ARGININE PATENTS 160
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 161
Cancer Fighters 162
OTHER ARGININE PATENTS 162
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 163
TABLE 83 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 163
TABLE 83 (CONTINUED) 164
TABLE 84 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ARGININE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 165
TABLE 85 US PATENTS RELATED TO ARGININE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 166
ARGININE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 166
TABLE 86 ARGININE MANUFACTURERS 166
ARGININE PRICING 166
VALUE OF US ARGININE MARKET 166
TABLE 87 US ARGININE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 167
FIGURE 14 US ARGININE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 167
CHAPTER NINETEEN PROLINE 168
PROLINE TECHNOLOGY 168
PROLINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 169
TABLE 88 PROLINE MANUFACTURERS 169
PROLINE PRICING 169
VALUE OF US PROLINE MARKET 169
TABLE 89 US PROLINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 170
FIGURE 15 US PROLINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 170
PROLINE PATENTS 170
PROLINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 171
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 172
TABLE 90 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 173
TABLE 91 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO PROLINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 174
TABLE 92 US PATENTS RELATED TO PROLINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 174
CHAPTER TWENTY: LEUCINE 175
LEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 175
LEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 175
LEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 176
TABLE 93 LEUCINE MANUFACTURERS 176
LEUCINE PRICING 176
TABLE 94 US LEUCINE PRICES (1 KG) 176
VALUE OF US LEUCINE MARKET 177
TABLE 95 US LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 177
FIGURE 16 US LEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 177
LEUCINE PATENTS 177
LEUCINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 178
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 179
TABLE 96 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 179
TABLE 97 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO LEUCINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 180
TABLE 98 US PATENTS RELATED TO LEUCINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 180
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: VALINE 181
VALINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 181
VALINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 181
VALINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 182
TABLE 99 VALINE PRODUCERS 182
VALINE PRICING 182
VALUE OF US VALINE MARKET 182
TABLE 100 US VALINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 182
FIGURE 17 US VALINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 183
VALINE PATENTS 183
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 184
TABLE 101 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 184
TABLE 102 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO VALINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 185
TABLE 103 US PATENTS RELATED TO VALINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 185
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: TYROSINE 186
TYROSINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 186
TYROSINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 186
TYROSINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 187
TABLE 104 TYROSINE MANUFACTURERS 187
TYROSINE PRICING 188
VALUE OF US TYROSINE MARKET 188
TABLE 105 US TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 188
FIGURE 18 US TYROSINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 188
TYROSINE PATENTS 189
TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 190
TYROSINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 191
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 192
TABLE 106 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 193
TABLE 107 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO TYROSINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 194
TABLE 108 US PATENTS RELATED TO TYROSINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998-2011 (NUMBER/%) 195
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: ISOLEUCINE 196
ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 196
ISOLEUCINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 197
ISOLEUCINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 198
TABLE 109 ISOLEUCINE MANUFACTURERS 198
ISOLEUCINE PRICING 198
VALUE OF US ISOLEUCINE MARKET 198
TABLE 110 US ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 199
FIGURE 19 US ISOLEUCINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 199
ISOLEUCINE PATENTS 199
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 200
TABLE 111 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 201
TABLE 112 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 201
TABLE 113 US PATENTS RELATED TO ISOLEUCINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1999–2011 (NUMBER/%) 202
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR SERINE 203
SERINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 203
SERINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 204
SERINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 204
TABLE 114 SERINE MANUFACTURERS 204
SERINE PRICING 204
VALUE OF US SERINE MARKET 205
TABLE 115 US SERINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 205
FIGURE 20 US SERINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 205
SERINE PATENTS 206
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 207
TABLE 116 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 208
TABLE 117 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO SERINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 208
TABLE 117 (CONTINUED) 209
TABLE 118 US PATENTS RELATED TO SERINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 209
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: ASPARAGINE 210
ASPARAGINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 210
ASPARAGINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 210
ASPARAGINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 211
TABLE 119 ASPARAGINE MANUFACTURERS 211
ASPARAGINE PRICING 211
VALUE OF US ASPARAGINE MARKET 211
TABLE 120 US ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 212
FIGURE 21 US ASPARAGINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 212
ASPARAGINE PATENTS 212
ASPARAGINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 213
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 214
TABLE 121 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998-2011
(NUMBER/%) 215
TABLE 122 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO ASPARAGINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 215
TABLE 123 US PATENTS RELATED TO ASPARAGINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 216
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: GLUTAMINE 217
GLUTAMINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 217
GLUTAMINE APPLICATIONS AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 217
GLUTAMINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 218
TABLE 124 GLUTAMINE MANUFACTURERS 218
GLUTAMINE PRICING & CONSUMPTION 219
VALUE OF US GLUTAMINE MARKET 219
TABLE 125 US GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 219
FIGURE 22 US GLUTAMINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 219
GLUTAMINE PATENTS 220
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 221
TABLE 126 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 222
TABLE 127 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO GLUTAMINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 223
TABLE 128 US PATENTS RELATED TO GLUTAMINE PRODUCTS
BY YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 224
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: HISTIDINE 225
HISTIDINE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 225
HISTIDINE APPLICATIONS 226
HISTIDINE CAPACITY AND MANUFACTURERS 226
TABLE 129 HISTIDINE MANUFACTURERS 226
HISTIDINE PRICING 227
VALUE OF US HISTIDINE MARKET 227
TABLE 130 US HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 227
FIGURE 23 US HISTIDINE MARKET SIZE, 2011 AND 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 227
HISTIDINE PATENTS 228
HISTIDINE PATENTS (CONTINUED) 229
PATENTS BY CATEGORY 230
TABLE 131 PRODUCT PATENTS BY PROCESS, 1998–2011
(NUMBER/%) 230
TABLE 132 US PATENTS ASSIGNEES RELATED TO HISTIDINE
PRODUCTS, 1998–2011 231
TABLE 133 US PATENTS RELATED TO HISTIDINE PRODUCTS BY
YEAR, 1998–2011 (NUMBER/%) 231
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS 232
TABLE 134 SUMMARY OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) 232
FIGURE 24 PERCENTAGE SHARE OF SPECIALTY AMINO ACIDS,
2011 (%) 233
OTHER SPECIALTY USES OF AMINO ACIDS 234
COSMETICS AND AMINO ACIDS 234
PHOTOGRAPHY AND AMINO ACIDS 235
DETERGENT AND AMINO ACIDS 235
Detergent and Amino Acids (Continued) 236
AMINO ACID HEALTH APPLICATIONS 237
Amino Acid Health Applications (Continued) 238
APPENDIX I: ANCILLARY COMPANIES 239
TABLE 135 CELL CULTURE REAGENTS/AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS 239
TABLE 136 AMINO ACID STANDARDS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
PROTEIN CHEMISTRY REAGENTS AND AMINO ACID ANALYSIS 240
TABLE 137 AMINO ACID ANALYZERS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
INSTRUMENTATION AND LAB EQUIPMENT 240
TABLE 138 AMINO ACID ANALYSIS SUPPLIERS PROVIDING
CUSTOM SERVICES FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND PROTEIN
CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES 241
TABLE 139 AMINO ACID POLYMER SYNTHESIS SUPPLIERS
PROVIDING CUSTOM SERVICES AND BIOCHEMISTRY/PROTEIN
CHEMISTRY-RELATED SERVICES 241
TABLE 140 AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIERS OF RADIOCHEMICALS AND
LABELED COMPOUNDS 241
