Advanced Storage Battery Market: from Hybrid/Electric Vehicles to Cell Phones

• Publication date: March 2009

Whether it is a battery for the latest laptop, energy storage for a hybrid electric vehicle, or backup power for a remote telecommunications site, everyone wants a battery that has the highest energy density, best safety factor, and longest life in term of discharge cycles and ease of maintenance while still being environmentally friendly. These are the drivers behind rechargeable battery research around the world today. Rechargeable batteries, a...

Whether it is a battery for the latest laptop, energy storage for a hybrid electric vehicle, or backup power for a remote telecommunications site, everyone wants a battery that has the highest energy density, best safety factor, and longest life in term of discharge cycles and ease of maintenance while still being environmentally friendly. These are the drivers behind rechargeable battery research around the world today. Rechargeable batteries, also known as storage batteries, are a continuing strong market, with worldwide sales of $36 billion in 2008. The rechargeable battery market will rise to $51 billion by 2013.

Lithium-ion is the battery chemistry of choice for future generations of portable electronics and hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. In 2008, lithium-ion battery research had more funding than all other battery technologies combined. Nanotechnology and chemistry advances in electrode design are the key research topics that companies are using to push lithium-ion to be the dominant energy storage technology in the future.

The portable rechargeable battery market, of which lithium-ion has a 75% share, is the fastest growing segment of the rechargeable battery market, showing world market growth of 20% in 2008. Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, still important for power tools and back-up systems, will decline rapidly in market share by 2013 due to stricter environmental controls on cadmium. And Ni-MH will see its market share slowly erode due to increasing lithium-ion market share and new silver-zinc and nickel-zinc rechargeable battery chemistries that are coming to market.

But despite the growing portable rechargeable battery market share, tried and true lead-acid battery technology continues to head rechargeable battery sales with a U.S. rechargeable battery market share of 79% in 2008. Current research using carbon based cathodes means that we will see lead acid batteries hold their traditional stronghold markets of automotive, industrial, and telecommunications backup markets.

Ni-MH hybrid vehicle batteries, which accounted for 1.7% of the world rechargeable battery market in 2008, will grow to hold 4.2% of market share by 2013 and will be shared by Ni-MH and lithium-ion batteries. Large scale batteries, particularly sodium sulfur (NaS), will grow from a $235 million per year market to $900 million a year in 2013 on the growth of increased renewable energy power generation.

There are other possibilities on the energy storage horizon such as ultracapacitors and fuel cells. But the reality of the next five years is that rechargeable batteries will continue to be the energy storage system of choice for portable electronics and power tools, as well expand new markets in motor vehicles and large scale renewable energy systems.

Advanced Rechargeable Battery Market: Emerging Technologies and Trends Worldwide contains comprehensive data on the U.S. and world market for storage batteries, including historical (2002-2008) and forecast (2009-2013) market size data. The report identifies key factors driving battery research, trends affecting the marketplace and market growth, and profiles major marketers and consumer demographics.

Report Methodology

The information in Advanced Rechargeable Battery Market: Emerging Worldwide Trends and Opportunities is based on data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Census Bureau, the United Nations Statistics Division, and official census information from Japan, South Korea, Mexico and the United Nations ComTrade database. Other information comes from trade associations such as Battery Council International, business journals, company literature and websites, and research services such as Simmons Market Research Bureau. Trends and recent developments in the industry come directly from personal interviewers with key players in manufacturing, sales, and research and development of rechargeable batteries.

What You’ll Get in This Report

Advanced Rechargeable Battery Market: Emerging Technologies and Trends Worldwide provides a concise, focused look on the world of rechargeable batteries as it exists today, and shows where battery technology is moving towards in the next five years. The report highlights key players in the industry and pinpoints ways current and prospective competitors can capitalize on recent trends and spearhead new ones. No other market research report provides both the comprehensive analysis and extensive data that Advanced Rechargeable Battery Market: Emerging Technologies and Trends Worldwide offers. Plus, you’ll benefit from extensive data, presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and graphs.

How You’ll Benefit from this Report

If your company is already doing business in the rechargeable battery market, or is considering making the leap, you will find this report invaluable, as it provides a comprehensive package of information and insight not offered in any other single source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current market for all types of storage batteries, as well as projected markets and trends through 2013.

This report will help:

• Marketing managers identify market opportunities and develop targeted promotion plans for storage batteries.
  
  
  
  
  
• Research and development professionals stay on top of competitor initiatives and explore demand for current storage batteries and new emerging storage battery products.
  
  
  
  
  
• Advertising agencies working with clients in the banking and retail industries understand the product buyer to develop messages and images that compel consumers to buy storage batteries.
  
  
  
  
  
• Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible partnerships.
  
  
  
  
  
• Information and research center librarians provide market researchers, brand and product managers and other colleagues with the vital information they need to do their jobs more effectively.

Battery Industry in the United States

Chapter 1: Executive Summary

Scope

Methodology

The Market

The World Rechargeable Battery Market in 2008

Figure 1-1: World Secondary Battery Market, 2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Figure 1-2: Rechargeable Battery Market Share by Battery Chemistry, 2008 (percent)

The U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market Tops $8 Billion in 2008

Figure 1-3: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Table 1-1: U.S. Primary and Secondary Battery Markets, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Countries That Manufacture Rechargeable Batteries

Figure 1-4: Countries Importing Rechargeable Batteries to the U.S., 2008 ( percent)

Market Trends

The Top Rechargeable Battery Manufacturing Companies of 2008

Figure 1-5: Manufacturers of Lead-Acid Storage Batteries by Battery Revenue, 2008 (percent)

Figure 1-6: Manufacturers of Portable Rechargeable Batteries by Battery Revenue, 2008 (percent)

The Dominance of Lithium-Ion Imports for the U.S. Market

The Dominance of Lithium-ion Batteries in Portable Electronics

Hybrid Vehicles Sales in the U.S

Figure 1-7: Battery Manufacturer Market Share for Hybrid Vehicle Ni-MH Batteries, 2008 (percent)

Battery Manufacturing Costs

Figure 1-8: U.S. Battery Manufacturing Producer Price Indexes: Primary & Secondary Batteries, 1998-2008 (index)

Rechargeable Battery Development Costs

Battery Environmentalism

Figure 1-9: RBRC Collection of Portable Rechargeable Batteries, 2001-2008 (in millions of pounds)

Battery Safety

Dawn of a New Era for Lithium-Ion in the U.S

Emerging Rechargeable Battery Technologies

Emerging Lithium-Ion Cathode Technologies

Table 1-2: Energy Density and Cost of Different Lithium-Ion Cathodes, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Emerging Lithium-Ion Anode Technologies

Emerging Non-Lithium Battery Technologies

Emerging Large Scale Battery Technologies

U.S. Government Funding in Rechargeable Battery Technologies

Figure 1-10: Department of Energy Secondary Battery Funding Structure, 2008

U.S. Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicle Research

Table 1-3: Lithium-ion Capability Against USABC/FreedomCAR HEV Requirements, 2008

Battery research around the world

Consumer Trends

Retail Sales of Rechargeable Batteries Only a Small Fraction of the Market

OEM Portable Rechargeable Battery Usage in U.S. Homes

Figure 1-11: U.S. Ownership of Laptops, Cell Phones, Cordless Phones & Media Players by Percentage of Adult Population, 2004-2008

OEM Lead-Acid Rechargeable Battery Usage in U.S. Homes

Figure 1-12: U.S. Ownership of Vehicles by Percentage of Adult Population, 2004-2008

The Battery Landscape of 2013

World and U.S. Battery Market Forecast to 2013

Figure 1-13: World Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast, 2009-2013 (in billions of dollars)

Figure 1-14: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast, 2009-2013 (in billions of dollars)

Chapter 2: Battery Primer

Parts of a battery

Basic Battery Terminology

Table 2-1: Important Rechargeable Battery Characteristics

Current Rechargeable Battery Types

Figure 2-1: Performance of Several Types of Batteries

Lead-Acid Chemistries

Nickel Based Chemistries

Nickel Cadmium Batteries (Ni-Cd)

Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries (Ni-MH)

Lithium-Ion Based Chemistries

Lithium Cobalt Oxide Electrode (LCO)

Lithium Manganese Spinel Electrode (LMS)

Lithium Metal Phosphate (LMP)

Lithiated Mixed Oxide Cathodes (NCA and NCM)

Lithium-Ion Polymer

Large Scale Batteries

Flow Batteries

High Temperature Sodium Batteries

Chapter 3: The Market

Scope of the Report

Methodology

The World Rechargeable Battery Market

Figure 3-1: World Secondary Battery Market, 2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Figure 3-2: Rechargeable Battery Market Share by Battery Chemistry, 2008

The Top Rechargeable Battery Manufacturing Countries

Countries That Import Batteries to the U.S.

Table 3-1: Top Rechargeable Battery Import Countries to the United States, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

U.S. Battery Market

Figure 3-3: U.S. Battery Market, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Table 3-2: U.S. Battery Shipments, Imports & Exports, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Figure 3-4: Share of U.S. Battery Market by Category, 2008 (percent)

Rechargeable Batteries Gaining Ground

Figure 3-5: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Table 3-3: U.S. Primary and Secondary Battery Markets, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

U.S. Lead-Acid Battery Market

Figure 3-6: U.S. Lead-Acid Battery Market, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Table 3-4: U.S. Lead-Acid Battery Shipments, Imports & Exports, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Figure 3-7: U.S. Lead-Acid Battery Shipments, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

U.S. Ni-Cd Battery Market

Table 3-5: U.S. Ni-Cd Battery Imports and Exports, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

U.S. Lithium-ion and Ni-MH Battery Market

Figure 3-8: U.S. Lithium-Ion and Ni-MH Battery Imports, 2002-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Table 3-6: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Imports and Exports (Excluding Lead-Acid & Ni-Cd), 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Figure 3-9: U.S. Portable Computer and Cellular Phone Imports, 2002-2008 (in millions of units)

Large Scale Battery Market

Hybrid vehicle market

Figure 3-10: U.S. Hybrid Vehicle Sales, 2000-2008 (in thousands of vehicles sold)

World Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast to 2013

Figure 3-11: World Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast, 2009-2013 (in billions of dollars)

Figure 3-12: Rechargeable Battery Market Share by Battery Chemistry, 2013 (percent)

U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast to 2013

Figure 3-13: U.S. Battery Market Forecast, 2009-2013 (in billions of dollars)

Table 3-7 U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast by Battery Type, 2009-2013 (in millions of dollars)

Figure 3-14: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Market Forecast, 2009-2013 (in billions of dollars)

Chapter 4: Market Trends

The Global Economic Slowdown

Figure 4-1: Historical and Forecasted U.S. Real GDP, 2004-2013 (Percentage Change)

The Dominance of Lithium-Ion Imports for the U.S. Market

Figure 4-2: U.S. Rechargeable Battery Imports and Exports (Excluding Lead-Acid & Ni-Cd), 2002-2008 (in millions of units)

The Dominance of Lithium-ion Batteries in Portable Electronics

The Energy Density Factor

Figure 4-3: Thickness of Apple’s iPod Classic by iPod Generation, 2001-2007 (thickness in inches)

Standardized Sizing for Lithium-Ion Cells

Portable Electronics Are Everywhere

Figure 4-4: U.S. Portable Computer Imports and Exports, 2002-2008 (in millions of units)

Lithium-Ion Taking Over in the Cordless Power Tools Market

Hybrid Vehicles

Panasonic EV Dominates the HEV Battery Market

Figure 4-5: Battery Manufacturer Market Share for Hybrid Vehicle Ni-MH Batteries, 2008 (percent)

Auto Makers and Battery Makers Pair Up

Table 4-1: Automobile/Lithium-Ion Battery Hybrid Vehicle Manufacturing Relationships, 2008

The (Slow) Adoption of Lithium-Ion for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

Lead-Acid Battery Trends

SLI Lead-Acid Battery Trends

Figure 4-6: U.S. Import and Export Unit Volumes of SLI Lead-Acid Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of units)

Table 4-2: Breakdown of U.S. Import and Export Unit Volumes of SLI Lead-Acid Batteries, 2002-2008 (in thousands of units)

Industrial Batteries

Figure 4-7: U.S. Import and Export Unit Volumes of Non-SLI Lead-Acid Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of units)

Table 4-3: Breakdown of U.S. Import and Export Unit Volumes of Non-SLI Lead-Acid Batteries, 2002-2008 (in thousands of units)

Ni-Cd Battery Trends

Ni-MH Battery Trends

Large Scale Battery Trends

Understanding Rechargeable Battery Costs

U.S. Battery Manufacturing Producer Price Index

Figure 4-8: U.S. Battery Manufacturing Producer Price Indexes: Primary & Secondary Batteries, 1998-2008 (index)

Figure 4-9: U.S. Battery Manufacturing Producer Price Indexes for Different Secondary Battery Types, 1998-2008 (index)

Metal Prices

Figure 4-10: Prices of Metals Used in Secondary Battery Manufacturing (Indexed to 2000), Yearly Average 2000-2008 (index)

Figure 4-11: Prices of Metals Used in Secondary Battery Manufacturing (Indexed to 2000), Monthly Average April 2007-November 2008 (index)

Foreign Lithium: The New Foreign Oil?

The Price of Research

Manufacturing Costs

Batteries Going Green

Manufacturing Legislations

Recycling

Figure 4-12: RBRC Collection of Portable Rechargeable Batteries, 2001-2008 (in millions of pounds)

The Rise of Safety as a Consideration for Rechargeable Batteries

The Great Sony Battery Recall(s)

Plane Fires and the New DOT Regulations for Transporting Lithium-Ion by Air

Rechargeable Battery Counterfeiting

Other Important Events in the Battery world

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM)

National Advanced Transportation Battery Cell Manufacture Alliance

Chapter 5: Emerging Technologies

U.S. Government Funding in Rechargeable Battery Technologies

Figure 5-1: Department of Energy Secondary Battery Funding Structure, 2008

Government Funded Battery Laboratories

Lithium-Ion Battery Government Research Funding

Other (Non-Lithium-Ion) Battery Government Research Funding

Figure 5-2: Department of Energy Secondary Battery Funding, 2008 (in millions of dollars)

Key Secondary Battery Research Companies

Emerging Lithium Battery Technologies

Nanotechnology Providing New Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries

Secondary Battery Nanotechnology highlights

Emerging Lithium-Ion Cathode Technologies

Table 5-1: Energy Density and Cost of Different Lithium-Ion Cathodes, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Lithiated Mixed Oxide Cathodes (NCA and NCM)

Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes

Emerging Lithium-Ion Anode Technologies

Amorphous Tin Anode

Lithium Titinate Anode

Silicon Based Anodes

Emerging Lithium-Ion Separator Technologies

Lithium-Ion Polymer Research

Emerging Non-Lithium Battery Technologies

Nickel Zinc (Ni-Zn)

Silver-Zinc

Lithium-Sulfur

Carbon Foam Lead-Acid

Metal-Air cell design

Bio-Battery

Large Scale Batteries

Other (Non-Battery) Energy Storage Technologies

Fuel Cells

Flywheels

Ultracapacitors

Hybrid Batteries

Battery Research Around the world

Europe

China

Japan

Important Recent Milestones for Battery Technology

Progress on FreedomCAR’s HEV and PHEV Goals

Table 5-2: Lithium-ion Capability Against USABC/FreedomCAR HEV Requirements, 2008

The Battery Technology Landscape of 2013

Chapter 6: Competitor Profiles

Figure 6-1: Breakdown of Largest Manufacturers of Storage Batteries by Battery Revenue, 2008 (percent)

Lead-Acid Batteries

Figure 6-2: Manufacturers of Lead-Acid Storage Batteries by Battery Revenue, 2008 (percent)

Portable Rechargeable Batteries

Figure 6-3: Manufacturers of Portable Rechargeable Batteries by Battery Revenue, 2008 (percent)

Table 6-1: Lithium-Ion Cell Production of Top Category Companies, 2008 (in millions of cells per month)

Large Scale Batteries

Acquisitions, Mergers and Joint Ventures

The Merging of Giants: Panasonic and SANYO

Johnson Controls Teams Up With Saft

Consolidation in the Lead-Acid Market

Johnson Controls

Overview

Performance

Figure 6-4: World JCI Power Solutions Segment Revenue, FY2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Figure 6-5: Breakdown of JCI Power Solutions Revenue by Region, FY2008 (percent)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-2: Johnson Controls Rechargeable Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant Developments

Exide Technologies

Overview

Performance

Figure 6-6: Exide Technologies World Battery Revenue, FY2006-2009 (in billions of dollars)

Table 6-3: Exide Technologies World Battery Revenue by Business Segment, FY2005-2009 (in millions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-4: Exide Technologies Lead-Acid Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant developments

EnerSys

Overview

Performance

Table 6-5: EnerSys Inc. World Battery Revenue by Business Segment, FY2005-2009 (in millions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-6: EnerSys Inc. Rechargeable Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant Developments

SANYO Electric

Overview

Figure 6-7: Breakdown of SANYO Total Revenue by Region, FY2007 (percent)

Performance

Figure 6-8: SANYO Electric Co. Ltd. World Battery Revenue, FY2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-7: SANYO Rechargeable Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant Developments

Sony Corporation

Overview

Performance

Figure 6-9: Sony Corporation World Components Category Revenue, FY2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-8: Sony Rechargeable Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant developments

Samsung SDI

Overview

Performance

Figure 6-10: World Samsung SDI Energy Segment Revenue, FY2004-2008 (in billions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Significant developments

Panasonic Corporation

Overview

Performance

Table 6-9: Panasonic Corporation Worldwide Total Sales and Net Income, FY2005-2009 (in billions of yen)

Figure 6-11: Panasonic Corporation World External Battery Sales, FY2005-2009 (in billions of dollars)

Research & Development

Product Portfolio

Table 6-10: Panasonic Corporation’s Rechargeable Battery Product Portfolio, 2008

Significant developments

Players in Battery Development

A123Systems

Altair Nanotechnologies

Firefly Energy

NGK Insulators

Other Ranking Manufacturers of Rechargeable Batteries

Table 6-11: Other Ranking Manufacturers of Lead-Acid Storage Batteries, 2008

Table 6-12: Other Ranking Manufacturers of Lithium-Ion and Ni-MH Storage Batteries, 2008

Dominant U.S. Exporting Battery Producing Countries

Overview

Figure 6-12: Countries Importing Rechargeable Batteries to the U.S., 2008 (percent)

Figure 6-13: Storage Battery Imports by Type to U.S. Market, 2008

Japan

Table 6-13: Japan’s World Export and Import Trade Statistics for Secondary Batteries, 2003-2008 (in millions of dollars)

China

Table 6-14: China’s World Export and Import Trade Statistics for Secondary Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

South Korea

Table 6-15: Republic of Korea’s World Export and Import Trade Statistics for Secondary Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Mexico

Figure 6-14: Mexico’s Storage Battery Imports by Type to U.S. Market, 2008 (percent)

Table 6-16: Mexico’s World and US Export Trade Statistics for Lead-Acid Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

The Dominant U.S. Export Markets

Figure 6-15: U.S. Storage Battery Exports by Country, 2008 (percent)

Figure 6-16: U.S. Storage Battery Exports by Type, 2008 (percent)

Canada

Table 6-17: US Export Trade to Canada for Secondary Batteries, 2002-2008 (in millions of dollars)

Chapter 7: Consumer Use

Note on Simmons Market Research Bureau Consumer Data

Consumer Confidence Index at an All Time Low

Primary Batteries Still Dominate the Home Market (But Not By Much)

Figure 7-1: IRI-Tracked U.S. Primary Battery and Retail Rechargeable Battery Sales, 2003- 2008 (in millions of dollars)

Rechargeable Batteries in the Home

Figure 7-2: U.S. Household Penetration of Batteries by Year, 2004-2008 (percent)

Brand Penetration for Retail Rechargeable Batteries

Table 7-1: IRI-Tracked U.S. Retail Rechargeable Battery Sales by Manufacturer, 2003-2008 (in millions of dollars)

OEM Rechargeable Battery Usage in U.S. Homes

Figure 7-3: Portable Rechargeable Battery Use by Market Segment, 2007 (percent)

Figure 7-4: U.S. Ownership of Laptops, Cell Phones, Cordless Phones & Media Players by Percentage of Adult Population, 2004-2008.

Lead-Acid Battery Usage in the Home

Figure 7-5: U.S. Ownership of Vehicles by Percentage of Adult Population, 2004-2008.

Portable Electronics Demographics

Figure 7-6: Percentage of Each U.S. Age Demographic that Owns Laptops, Cell Phones, Cordless Phones & Media Players, 2008

Figure 7-7: Percentage of Each U.S. Income Demographic that Owns Laptops, Cell Phones, Cordless Phones & Media Players, 2008

Cellular Phone Ownership in the U.S

Table 7-2: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Cellular Phone Ownership in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Notebook PC Ownership in the U.S.

Table 7-3: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Notebook PC Ownership in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Portable Media Player Ownership in the U.S.

Table 7-4: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Portable Media Player Ownership in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Cordless Phone Ownership in the U.S

Table 7-5: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Cordless Phones Bought in the last 12 Months in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Retail Rechargeable Battery Demographics

Table 7-6: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Purchasing Rechargeable Batteries in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Lead-Acid Battery Demographics

Car/Pickup/SUV Ownership in the U.S.

Table 7-7: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Individuals Who Own Two Car/Pickup/SUVs in the U.S., 2008 (index)

ATV Ownership in the U.S.

Table 7-8: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for ATV Ownership in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Motorcycle Ownership in the U.S

Table 7-9: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Motorcycle Ownership in the U.S., 2008 (index)

Hybrid Vehicle Use in the U.S.

Table 7-10: Demographics of Prius Owners in the U.S., 2008 (index and percent)

The Evolution of Green in Rechargeable Batteries

Recycling Effectiveness

Figure 7-8: Percentage of U.S. Adult Population That Recycles & Total Weight of Recycled Portable Rechargeable Batteries, 2004-2008

Figure 7-9: Percentage of Each Age Demographic that Recycle Batteries, 2008

Table 7-11: Demographic Indicators and Resistors for Battery Recycling, 2008 (index)

Green is Affecting How Consumers Purchase Rechargeable Batteries

Appendix A: List of Acronyms

Appendix B: Selected Secondary Battery Manufacturers