Contents
1. Executive Summary 11
The Solar PV Market .11
Overview 11
Market leaders .13
Silicon producers 14
Solar PV technology 15
End-use of solar PV 15
Japan .16
USA 17
Europe 17
Rest of the World 18
2. Development of Solar Photovoltaics 20
Solar photovoltaics .20
Solar cell development 21
Conditions of use of solar PV cells 22
Solar insolation 22
Cold weather .23
Cloud conditions .23
Isolated generation 23
PV and the environment 24
3. Applications of Solar PV Technology 25
Simple PV systems 25
BIPV - Buildings as energy systems and collectors of solar energy .25
PV with battery storage 26
Balance of system: storage .26
PV with generators .27
PV connected to utilities 27
Utility-scale power .27
Hybrid power systems 28
Desalination 28
Distributed generation .29
4. PV Project costs 31
5. PV Industry Value Chain .34
Feedstock .34
Polysilicon 34
Thin Film Photovoltaic (TFPV) technology .35
Ingot and wafer production 35
Solar cell and modules .35
Balance of system (BOS) 36
Inverters 37
Vertically integrated companies 37
6. Photovoltaic Feedstock - Silicon 38
Background .38
Silicon Recycling .39
Companies involved in recycling 42
Recycling future development 44
Cost pressure on feedstock process 46
Silicon prices 46
Electronic grade silicon producers 49
Dedicated photovoltaic grade silicon production 50
7. Thin Film Photovoltaics (TFPV) 53
Alternative thin film materials 55
Thin film producers .56
Company overview 62
8. Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV) 66
9. Annual sales and installed solar PV generating capacity 73
Investment 76
Country Analysis 81
Germany 82
Japan .84
United States .86
China 100
India .104
Austria .106
France .108
Italy 110
Spain 113
Netherlands .117
Australia .118
Canada 120
Mexico 122
South Korea .123
Czech Republic 125
Belgium 126
Bulgaria .127
Greece 128
UK .128
World solar PV installed generating capacity 130
10. Global installed solar PV capacity projection to 2014 .134
11. Production of solar PV cells 136
Production capacity MW 136
12. Manufacturers of solar PV 141
Overview .141
Solar photovoltaic manufacturers 142
13. National Solar Industries and Company Profiles 145
Japan 146
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .146
Manufacture of solar cells and modules 147
Housing construction companies 156
United States of Amercia 156
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .156
Production of photovoltaic cells and modules 159
USA cell and module companies 159
Germany .166
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .166
German producers of solar cells and modules 167
Spain 172
Overview 172
Production of silicon 172
Spanish producers of solar cells and modules 172
France .173
French producers of solar cells and modules .173
Italy 175
Italian producers of solar cells and modules 175
Denmark .175
Overview 175
Belgium 176
Overview 176
Netherlands 176
Overview 176
Norway 177
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .177
Austria .178
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .178
Sweden 180
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .180
Portugal 181
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .181
Switzerland 181
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .181
United Kingdom .182
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .182
Producers of cells and modules .182
Israel .183
Producers of cells and modules .183
China 183
Overview 184
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .184
Ingot and wafer producers .188
Producers of solar cells and modules .189
Taiwan .195
Producers of solar cells and modules .195
India 198
Producers of solar cells and modules .198
Australia 199
Production of silicon feedstock, ingots and wafers for solar cells .199
Producers of solar cells and modules .199
Canada 200
Producers of solar cells and modules .200
Korea 202
Producers of solar cells and modules .203
Poland .205
Saudi Arabia .205
14. National targets and incentives for renewable energy 206
Renewable energy targets 206
Feed-in tariffs (FITs) 206
Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ARTs) 207
Tender over an amount of energy (kWh) or a certain capacity (kW) 207
Tradable green certificates 207
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) 207
Mixed systems 208
Feed-in tariffs (FITs) and RPS .208
Calculation of renewable energy shares 208
Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS .226
EU and feed-in tariffs .226
US and RPS 227
The feed-in tariff in Europe 227
The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States 228
Europe – the EU Renewable Energy Directive .231
Investor confidence, price, and policy cost 231
Effectiveness 231
Innovation and technology diversity .232
Ownership structure 232
Conclusion .233
Feed-in tariffs in the United States .233
15. Support Programmes for Solar Photovoltaics .234
United States 234
United States - Federal and State incentives 234
Federal tax incentives August 2007 .236
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) 236
Solar America Cities 237
Rural Energy for America Programme Loan Guarantees (REAP) 238
Bills in Congress 238
State Initiatives .239
Renewable Energy Credit schemes .240
Feed-in tariffs .242
SEIA Roadmap .247
Photovoltaics technology plan .247
NREL 248
Japan 248
Subsidies, strategies and future plans 248
Europe .250
Targets and future plans 250
Germany .250
Support, national programme and R&D 250
Austria .254
Belgium 254
Incentives .254
Bulgaria 255
Incentives .255
Czech Republic .255
Incentives .255
Denmark .255
Incentives and R&D 255
Finland .256
Targets and subsidies 256
France .256
Subsidies, funding and R&D 256
Development .257
Greece .258
Italy 259
Subsidies, targets, plans and R&D 259
Luxembourg 260
Netherlands 261
Subsidies, funding, plans and R&D 261
Research and development .262
Norway 262
Support and R&D 262
Portugal 263
incentives, R&D and future plans .263
Research and development .265
Future outlook 265
Spain 265
Support, R&D and future plans 265
Research and development .266
Future outlook 267
Sweden 267
Subsidies, R&D and future plans 267
Switzerland 267
Subsidies, Marketing and R&D 267
Turkey 269
Incentives .269
United Kingdom .269
Incentives, R&D and future plans 269
Australia 271
Government support, programmes and R&D .271
Defunct schemes .272
Bangladesh 275
Government programmes and future plans .275
Canada 275
Government support and R&D 275
China 277
Government programmes and future plans .277
India 280
Government support and programmes and progress 280
Indonesia 283
Government support and future plans .283
Malaysia .285
Government support and R&D 285
Israel .285
Government support and R&D 285
Kenya 286
Progress 286
Korea 287
Government support and programmes, R&D and future plans 287
Argentina 290
Brazil .290
Chile .291
Mexico .291
Government support and programmes, R&D and future plans 291
South Africa 292
Programmes and education .292
Thailand 293
Government support, programmes and R&D .293
16. Trans European - North African Grid Networks .295
Overview .295
Mediterranean solar plan 295
Desertec .295
17. Energy Storage 298
Mechanical Storage .299
Electrochemical storage 300
Electromagnetic storage 301
Hybrid Systems .301
Developments 302
18. Other Materials 303
19. Prices 310
Overview .310
20. Forecasting a new technology 315
Experience curves and progress ratios (PR) 315
21. Advantages and disadvantages 316
Capacity factor .318
Tables
Table 5.1 Recycled silicon grades
Table 5.2 Production of electronic polysilicon in 2006 and 2010, metric tons
Table 6.1 Film producers
Table 7.3.1 Proposed pace of renewables use in the USA
Table 7.9.1 Major Solar PV installations in Spain as of end 2008
Table 7.15.1 World Solar PV installed generating capacity, MW, 2000 – 2008
Table 9.1 Solar PV Production campacity 2002 to 2008, MW
Table 11.3.1 Top Ten Cell Producers in Europe, 2007, MW
Table 11.16.1 Polysilicon manufacturing projects in China, September, 2007
Table 11.16.2 Top Ten Cell Prducers in China, 2007, MW
Table 12.1 Renewables Targets and support schemes of European Countries
Table 12.2 Non-European countries with renewable energy targets and plans
Table 12.3 State RPS resource tiers
Table 13.1 Summary of key support measures, 2008
Table 14.1 Indicitave module prices (current prices) in national currencies per watt in selected
countries, 1992-2004
Table 14.2 Indicative installed system prices in euro and US$ in selected countries in 2004 $/W
Figures
Figure 2.1 How solar works
Figure 2.2 Global insolation levels
Figure 2.3 Remote Energy Capture
Figure 3.1 Deep Cycle Battery Storage
Figure 3.2 Municipal vehicle port with integrated PV roof
Figure 3.4 Wind and Solar PV combined
Figure 3.5 Distribution Network, Conventional
Figure 3.6 Distribution network – With distributed generation
Figure 4.1 Current efficiencies achieved in the laboratory
Figure 5.1 Production of electronic polysilicon annually from 2004 to 2010
Figure 7.1 Annual installations of solar PV cells, MW, 1990-2013
Figure 7.2 Installed global solar PV generating capacity 1998-2008 by region
Figure 7.3 Global investment in renewables (annual), 2004-2008
Figure 7.4 Quarterly global investment in renewables 2008-2030
Figure 7.5 Fiscal stimulus programmes for sustainable energy, 2009-2013
Figure 7.6 Fiscal stimulus programmes sustainable energy support
Figure 7.1.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Germany, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.2.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Japan, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.3.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of The United States, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.4.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of China, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.5.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of India, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.6.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Austria, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.7.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of France, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.8.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Italy, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.9.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Spain, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.10.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Netherlands, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.11.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Australia, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.12.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Canada, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.13.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Mexico, MW, 2000-2013
Figure 7.14.1 Installed solar PV generating capacity of Korea, MW, 2000-2013,
Figure 8.1 Global installed solar PV capacity, MW, 1998-2013
Figure 8.2 Comparison of new installed capacity EPIA moderate scenario, MW, 2008 – 2013
Figure 9.1 Production of solar cells by country, 1990 to 2008, MW
Figure 10.1 Production of solar cells by country, 1990 to 2008, MW
Figure 10.2 Growth of capacity by manufacturers, 2005 to 2008
Figure 11.1 Sanyo Solar Ark
Figure 12.1 Natinoal renewable energy policies in EU countries
Figure 12.2 US States with RPS regulations
Figure 14.1 Price compared with shipments 1975-2006 $/Watt
Figure 15.1 Price experience curve for PV modules
