Enabling Technologies for the Smart Grid

Enabling Technologies for the Smart Grid

This report:

Assesses the US market for smart grid technologies including hardware, software and services
Contains market forecasts for smart grid technologies through 2014
Highlights major classes of smart grid enabling technologies including communications technologies, sensing and measurement technologies, advanced component technologies and control technologies
Considers benefits to producers including lower capital costs, reduced operating costs and higher revenues, and benefits to users including improves quality and reliability, lower costs and greater consumer choice
Discusses economic and societal benefits such as reduced energy consumption, enhanced national security, conservation of natural resources, less air pollution and lower carbon emissions
Looks at the legal and regulatory environments including legislation at the federal and state levels.   

Chapter-1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 7
SUMMARY FIGURE U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES, 2007-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 8
DEFINITIONS 9
BENEFITS OF SMART GRIDS 9
DIRECT BENEFITS 9
Benefits to Utilities 9
Lower Capital Costs 9
Reduced Operating Costs 10
Benefits to Users 11
Improved Quality and Reliability 11
Lower Costs 11
FIGURE 1 AVERAGE RETAIL PRICE OF ELECTRICITY, 2000-2008 (CENTS/KWH) 12
Greater Consumer Choice 12
INDIRECT BENEFITS 13
Reduced Consumption of Fossil Fuels 13
FIGURE 2 U.S. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUEL TYPE, 2006 (%) 13
FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) 14
TABLE 1 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR ELECTICITY GENERATION, THROUGH 2007 14
Improved Balance of Payments Position 15
FIGURE 3 U.S. FOSSIL FUEL IMPORTS, 2007 (PERCENT OF TOTAL FOSSIL FUEL IMPORTS) 15
Enhanced National Security 16
Job Creation 16
Economic Development 17
Environmental Benefits 17
THE PATH TO A SMART GRID 18
GRID 2030 18
National Electricity “Backbone 19
Regional Interconnections 19
Local Distribution, Mini- and Micro-Grids 20
NATIONAL ELECTRIC DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES ROADMAP 20
FIGURE 4 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES OVERALL ROADMAP 21
National Electric …(Continued) 22
FIGURE 5 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY DELIVERY ROADMAP FOR DEVELOPING CRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES 23
EARLY ADOPTERS 23
Southern California Edison Company 23
Southern California … (Continued) 24
Pacific Northwest GridWise Demonstration 25
TXU Energy Broadband over Powerline Smart Grid 26
Xcel Energy Smart Grid City 26
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SMART GRID 27
TABLE 2 MAJOR CLASSES OF SMART GRID ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 27
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES 27
SENSING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES 28
ADVANCED COMPONENTS 28
CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 28
INTERFACE AND DECISION SUPPORT TECHNOLOGIES 29
MARKET SUMMARY 29
TABLE 3 U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 29
FIGURE 6 U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES, 2007-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 30
FIGURE 7 U.S. SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES MARKET SHARES, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 30
FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) 31

Chapter-2: MARKET ENVIRONMENT FOR SMART GRID ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

LEGAL AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 32
BARRIERS TO SMART GRID DEPLOYMENT 32
Federal-State Coordination 32
Cost Recovery 32
Cost Recovery (Continued) 33
Other Incentives to Increase Grid Efficiency 34
Least Cost Planning 35
Environmental, Public Health and Safety Impacts 35
Lack of Standards 36
LEGISLATION AND REGULATION 36
Federal Initiatives 36
Energy Policy Act of 2005 36
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 37
Section 1302. Smart Grid System Report 38
Section 1303. Smart Grid Advisory Committee and Smart Grid Task Force 38
Section 1304. Smart Grid Technology Research, Development, and Demonstration 38
Section 1305. Smart Grid Interoperability Framework 39
Section 1306. Federal Matching Funds for Smart Grid Investment Costs 39
Section 1307. State Consideration of Smart Grid 39
Section 1308. Study of the Effect of Private Wire Laws on the Development of Combined Heat and Power Facilities 39
Section 1309. DOE Study of Security Attributes of Smart Grid Systems 40
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 40
Federal Regulation 40
Rulings Expanding Use of Demand Response 40
Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering 2007 41
State Legislation and Regulation 41
Arizona 41
Regulation on Time-Based Rates 41
California 42
California Senate Bill 1438 42
California Senate Bill 1491 43
Colorado 44
House Bill 07-1037 44
Illinois 44
Senate Bill 1592 44
Maryland 44
EmPower Maryland Energy Efficiency Act 44
Massachusetts 45
Green Communities Act 45
Michigan 46
Smart Grid Collaborative 46
Advanced Metering Infrastructure Standards 46
Oregon 47
Approval of Smart Meters 47
Pennsylvania 47
Act 129 47
Texas 48
Rules for Smart Metering 48
Public Utility Commission Report on Advanced Metering 48
Vermont 48
Energy Efficiency and Affordability Act of 2008 48
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 49
FINANCING THE SMART GRID 49
Government Funded Programs 49
Government-Funded R&D 49
Federal R&D 49
State-Financed R&D 50
Smart Grid Pilot and Demonstration Projects 50
Matching Grants for Smart Grid Investments 50
Capital Investments 51
American Reinvestment and Recovery Plan of 2009 51
UTILITIES 51
Availability of Capital Funding 51
Incentives to Invest in Smart Grid Technologies 52
FIGURE 8 ANNUAL GROWTH IN U.S. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, 1997-2009 (%) 53
FIGURE 9 COST OF NATURAL GAS AND FUEL OILS USED IN U.S. ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS, 2007-2009 ($ PER MILLION BTUS) 54
R&D 55

Chapter-3: INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS FOR SMART GRIDS: TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS

SUMMARY 56
TABLE 4 U.S. MARKET FOR INTEGRATED SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014                    ($ MILLIONS) 56
FIGURE 10 TRENDS IN U.S. MARKET FOR INTEGRATED SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 57
HOME AREA NETWORKS 57
TECHNOLOGIES 58
TABLE 5 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID HOME AREA NETWORKS 58
ZigBee 58
Wi-Fi 59
Z-Wave 59
In-Home Powerline Communications 60
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND OBSTACLES TO DEPLOYMENT 60
TABLE 6 COMPANIES THAT MARKET OR ARE DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID HANS 61
MARKETS 61
TABLE 7 MARKET FOR SMART GRID HAN COMMUNICATON TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 62
NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORKS 63
TECHNOLOGIES 63
TABLE 8 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID HOME AREA NETWORKS 63
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 64
Broadband over Power Line 64
Meshed Wi-Fi 64
ZigBee 65
WiMAX 65
Licensed Spectrum 65
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND OBSTACLES TO DEPLOYMENT 66
PROVIDERS 67
TABLE 9 COMPANIES THAT MARKET OR ARE DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID NANS 67
MARKET 67
TABLE 10 MARKET FOR SMART GRID NAN COMMUNICATON TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 (MILLION CONNECTIONS/$ MILLIONS) 68
BACKBONE COMMUNICATIONS 69
TECHNOLOGIES 69
MARKETS 69
TABLE 11 MARKET FOR SMART GRID BACKBONE COMMUNICATON TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014                             ($ MILLIONS) 70

Chapter-4: SENSING AND MEASUREMENT FOR SMART GRIDS: TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS, 2008-2014

SUMMARY 71
TABLE 12 U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID SENSING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 71
FIGURE 11 TRENDS IN THE U.S. MARKET FOR SMART GRID SENSING AND MEASUREMENT, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 72
SMART METERING 72
TECHNOLOGIES 73
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT 74
PRODUCERS 75
TABLE 13 SMART METER PRODUCERS 75
MARKET 75
TABLE 14 MARKET FOR SMART METERS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 76
WIDE AREA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 77
TECHNOLOGY 77
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT 77
PROVIDERS 78
TABLE 15 PROVIDERS OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID WAMS 78
MARKETS 78
TABLE 16 MARKET FOR PMUS AND RELATED WAMS TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 79
DYNAMIC LINE RATING SENSORS 80
TECHNOLOGY 80
Online Methods 80
Offline Methods 81
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT 81
PROVIDERS 81
TABLE 17 PROVIDERS OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID WAMS 81
MARKET 81
TABLE 18 MARKET FOR DYNAMIC LINE RATING SENSORS AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 82
INSULATOR LEAKAGE SENSORS 82
TECHNOLOGIES 82
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT 83
PROVIDERS 83
MARKET 83
TABLE 19 U.S. MARKET FOR REMOTE INSULATOR LEAKAGE CURRENT SENSORS FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 84
OTHER MONITORING SYSTEMS 84
TECHNOLOGIES 84
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND OBSTACLES TO DEPLOYMENT 85
PROVIDERS 85
TABLE 20 PROVIDERS OF OTHER TYPES OF SMART GRID SENSING AND MEASURING TECHNOLOGIES 85
MARKETS 86
TABLE 21 U.S. MARKET FOR OTHER MONITORING AND SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 86

Chapter-5: ADVANCED COMPONENTS FOR SMART GRIDS: TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS, 2008-2014

SUMMARY 87
TABLE 22 U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED SMART GRID COMPONENTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 87
FIGURE 12 TRENDS IN U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED SMART GRID COMPONENTS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 88
POWER ELECTRONICS 88
TECHNOLOGIES 89
TABLE 23 TYPES OF POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES 89
TABLE 23 (CONTINUED) 90
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND OBSTACLES TO DEPLOYMENT 90
PROVIDERS 90
TABLE 24 PROVIDERS OF POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS 90
MARKETS 91
TABLE 25 U.S. POWER ELECTRONICS MARKET FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 91
FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS 91
TECHNOLOGY 92
Resistive FCLs 93
Inductive FCLs 93
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND OBSTACLES TO DEPLOYMENT 93
PROVIDERS 94
TABLE 26 SUPPLIERS OF FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS 94
MARKET 94
TABLE 27 U.S. ELECTIC UTILITY MARKET FOR FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS, THROUGH 2014 (MILLION $) 95
HIGH-CAPACITY TRANSMISSION CABLE 95
TECHNOLOGIES 95
Superconducting Cable 95
Superconducting Cable (Continued) 96
High Capacity Overhead Conductor Cable 97
Aluminum Conductor Composite Core Cable 97
Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced Cable 97
Annealed Aluminum, Steel-Supported Trapezoidal Cross Section Conductor Wire 98
COMMERCIAL STATUS AND BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT 98
PROVIDERS 99
TABLE 28 PROVIDERS OF HIGH-CAPACITY TRANSMISSION CABLE FOR THE SMART GRID 99
MARKET 100
TABLE 29 MARKET FOR ADVANCED ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION CABLE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 100
Superconducting Cable 100
TABLE 30 MARKET FOR SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION CABLE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 100
High Capacity Overhead Conductor Cable 101
TABLE 31 MARKET FOR HIGH-CAPACITY OVERHEAD CONDUCTOR CABLE, 2007 THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 101
Aluminum Conductor Composite Core Cable 102
Aluminum Conductor Composite Reinforced Cable 102
Annealed Aluminum, Steel-Supported Trapezoidal Cross Section Conductor Wire 103
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES 103
TABLE 32 MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND POWER STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 103
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION DEVICES 103
Technologies 104
Photovoltaics 104
TABLE 33 MAJOR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES 104
TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 105
Wind Turbine 105
Microturbines 106
Fuel Cells 106
TABLE 34 MAJOR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES 107
Providers 107
TABLE 35 PROVIDERS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION EQUIPMENT 107
TABLE 35 (CONTINUED) 108
Markets 108
TABLE 36 MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 109
Photovoltaics 109
TABLE 37 PROJECTED U.S. CONSUMPTION OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, THROUGH 2014 (MW) 109
TABLE 38 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET FOR GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAICS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 110
Wind Turbines 110
TABLE 39 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET FOR WIND TURBINES, THROUGH 2014 (GW/$ MILLIONS) 111
TABLE 40 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET FOR GRID-CONNECTED WIND TURBINES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 112
Fuel Cells 112
TABLE 41 U.S. FUEL CELL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 112
Microturbines 113
TABLE 42 PROJECTED U.S. MARKET FOR GRID-CONNECTED MICROTURBINES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 113
DISTRIBUTED STORAGE SYSTEMS 114
Technologies 114
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries 114
Vanadium Redox Batteries 115
Supercapacitors 116
Superconducting Power Storage 117
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 117
Superconducting Flywheel Energy Storage 117
Compressed Air Storage 118
Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles 118
Plug-In …(Continued) 119
Providers 120
TABLE 43 PROVIDERS OF DISTRIBUTED STORAGE EQUIPMENT 120
TABLE 43 (CONTINUED) 121
Markets 121
TABLE 44 MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 121
NaS Batteries 122
TABLE 45   U.S. MARKET FOR NAS BATTERY POWER STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 122
Vanadium Redox Batteries 122
TABLE 46   U.S. MARKET FOR VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY DISTIRBUTED POWER STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014               ($ MILLION) 123
Superconducting Magnetic and Flywheel Storage 123
TABLE 47 U.S. MARKET FOR SUPERCONDUCTING POWER STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 123
Supercapacitors 124
TABLE 48 U.S. MARKET FOR SUPERCAPACITOR STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($MILLION) 124
Compressed Air Storage 124
TABLE 49 U.S. MARKET FOR COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 125
Plug-In Hybrid Storage 125
TABLE 50 U.S. MARKET FOR GRID CONNECTED PHEVS, THROUGH 2014 (NUMBER OF VEHICLES/$ MILLIONS) 125
Plug-In Hybrid Storage (Continued) 126

Chapter-6: ADVANCED CONTROLS FOR SMART GRIDS: TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS, 2007-2014

SUMMARY 127
TABLE 51 U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED SMART GRID CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 127
FIGURE 13 TRENDS IN THE U.S. MARKET FOR ADVANCED SMART GRID COMPONENTS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 128
DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS 128
TECHNOLOGIES 128
Digital Protective Relays 129
Intelligent Tap Changers 129
Dynamic Circuit Rating Tools 129
Distributed Energy Management Systems 130
Grid-Friendly Appliance Controllers 130
Dynamic Distributed Power Flow Controllers 131
PRODUCERS AND DEVELOPERS 131
TABLE 52 PROVIDERS OF DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS 132
MARKET 132
TABLE 53   MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 132
Digital Protective Relays 133
TABLE 54 MARKET FOR DIGITAL PROTECTIVE RELAYS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 133
Intelligent Tap Changers 133
TABLE 55 MARKET FOR INTELLIGENT TAP CHANGERS, THROUGH 2014 ($MILLION) 133
Energy Management Systems 134
TABLE 56 MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, THROUGH 2014 ($MILLION) 134
Grid Friendly Appliance Controllers 135
TABLE 57 MARKET FOR GRID-FRIENDLY APPLIANCE CONTROLLERS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 135
Distributed Power Flow Controllers 135
TABLE 58 MARKET FOR DISTRIBUTED POWER FLOW CONTROLLERS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 136
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING 136
TECHNOLOGIES 136
Technologies (Continued) 137
MARKETS 138
TABLE 59 MARKET FOR SMART GRID-RELATED DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING TECHNOLOIGES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 138
CENTRALIZED CONTROL APPLICATIONS 138
TECHNOLOGIES 138
TABLE 60 CENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS FOR THE SMART GRID 139
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED) 140
PROVIDERS 140
TABLE 61 PROVIDERS OF CENTRALIZED SMART GRID CONTROL APPLICATIONS 141
MARKETS 141
TABLE 62 MARKET FOR CENTRALIZED SMART GRID CONTROL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 141
INTERFACES AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS 142
TECHNOLOGIES 142
TABLE 63 INTERFACE AND DECISION SUPPORT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SMART GRID 142
PRODUCERS AND DEVELOPERS 143
TABLE 64 PROVIDERS OF INTERFACE AND DECISION SUPPORT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS 143
MARKET 143
TABLE 65 MARKET FOR INTERFACE AND DECISION SUPPORT TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 144

Chapter-7: APPENDIX

APPENDIX A: COMPANY PROFILES 145
INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS 145
ALVARION, INC. 145
AMBIENT CORP. 145
AMPERION, INC. 145
ARCADIAN NETWORKS, INC. 146
ARKADOS, INC. 146
BPL GLOBAL, LTD. 146
CURRENT GROUP, LLC 147
EMBER CORP. 147
GAINSPAN CORP. 148
GRIDNET, INC. 148
INTERNATIONAL BROADBAND ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 149
MAIN.NET POWER LINE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. 149
MMB RESEARCH, INC. 150
RUGGEDCOM INC. 150
SMARTSYNCH 151
TELKONET, INC. 151
ZENSYS INC. 151
SMART GRID SENSING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES 152
SMART METERS 152
Echelon Corp. 152
Elster LLC 152
eMeter Corp. 153
EnergyICT Inc. 153
Itron, Inc. 153
Landis+Gyr AG 154
Sensus Metering Systems 154
Trilliant Networks 154
WIRE AREA MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 155
Doubletree Systems, Inc. 155
Macrodyne, Inc. 155
PowerWorld Corp. 155
DYNAMIC LINE RATING 156
Electrotech, Inc. 156
Shaw Energy Delivery Services, Inc. 156
The Valley Group, Inc. 156
USi Power 157
INSULATOR CURRENT LEAKAGE SENSORS 157
PSP Technologies, Inc. 157
Telepathx 157
OTHER SENSORS 158
FISO 158
Intelligent Controls, Inc. 158
ADVANCED COMPONENTS 159
POWER ELECTRONICS 159
Satcon Technology Corporation 159
Xantrex Technology Inc. 159
FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS 159
Nexans 159
Superpower Inc. 160
Zenergy Power plc 160
TRANSMISSION CABLE 160
American Superconductor Corp. 160
Composite Technology Corp. 161
Comverge, Inc. 161
EnerNOC, Inc. 162
Hyper Tech Research, Inc. 163
Metal Oxide Technologies Inc. 163
3M Company 164
Southwire Co. 164
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 164
MICROTURBINES 164
Capstone Turbine Corp. 164
PHOTOVOLTAICS 165
BP Solar International LLC 165
First Solar LLC 165
HelioVolt Corp. 165
Konarka Technologies, Inc. 166
FUEL CELLS 167
Fuel Cell Energy, Inc. 167
Materials and Systems Research, Inc. 167
DISTRIBUTED STORAGE 167
Accel Instruments Gmbh 167
Maxwell Technologies, Inc. 168
NGK Insulators, Ltd. 168
V2Green 169
VRB Power Systems Inc. 169
SMART GRID CONTROLS 170
DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS 170
GridPoint, Inc. 170
CENTRALIZED CONTROL APPLICATIONS 171
Intergraph Corp. 171
Milsoft Utility Solutions 171
INTERFACE AND DECISION SUPPORT 172
Space-Time-Insight 172
APPENDIX B: PATENT ANALYSIS 173
TABLE 66 NUMBER OF U.S. SMART GRID-RELATED PATENTS BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY 173
FIGURE 14 U.S. SMART GRID-RELATED PATENTS BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY, AS OF FEBRUARY 13, 2009 (%) 174