Therapeutics for Memory and Cognition Disorders

• Publication date: April 2009

This Report: Details the disease states that lead to memory & cognition impairment Provides forecasts and detail relative to the products available to treat this condition. Provides definition and market structure, including discussion on cognition and diagnostic tests Analyzes market size and key players Identifies worldwide industry structure, including growth drivers and obstacles, and related technology considerations ...

This Report:

Details the disease states that lead to memory & cognition impairment
Provides forecasts and detail relative to the products available to treat this condition.
Provides definition and market structure, including discussion on cognition and diagnostic tests
Analyzes market size and key players
Identifies worldwide industry structure, including growth drivers and obstacles, and related technology considerations
Details primary and secondary applications, legislation and the regulatory environment, related deals, and partnerships, patent analysis, and company profiles.
Analyzes the market outlook, trends, and challenges.

Pathology Industry in the United States

Chapter-1: SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE WORLDWIDE POTENTIAL MARKET FOR MEMORY/COGNITION THERAPEUTICS, BY DISEASE AREA, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 4
SUMMARY FIGURE WORLDWIDE MEMORY/COGNITION THERAPEUTICS MARKET, BY DISEASE AREA, 2008   (%) 5
DISEASE STATES 6
DISEASE STATES (CONTINUED) 7
TREATMENTS IN DEVELOPMENT 8
THE FUTURE 9

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW

DEFINITION AND MARKET STRUCTURE 10
WHAT IS COGNITION? 10
COMPONENT SYSTEMS 11
Working Memory 11
Knowledge Base (Long-term Memory) 11
Executive System 12
Response System 12
COMPONENT PROCESSES 13
Attention 13
Perception 13
Memory and Learning 13
Organization 13
Reasoning and Problem Solving 14
COGNITION VERSUS MEMORY 14
HOW ARE COGNITION AND MEMORY MEASURED? 15
TABLE 1   DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 15
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 16
THE CHALLENGE 17
MAIN DISEASE AREAS 18
MARKET SIZE AND KEY PLAYERS 18
TABLE 2    TOP COMPANIES WORKING IN MEMORY AND COGNITION AND ASSOCIATED WORLDWIDE MARKET SHARE (%) 19
HISTORY 19
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 19

Chapter-3: APPLICATIONS

PRIMARY 20
TABLE 3   DEMENTIA RATE BY UNDERLYING DISEASE STATE (%) 20
FIGURE 1 DEMENTIA CASES BY UNDERLYING DISEASE STATE (%) 21
SECONDARY 22
MEDICATION-RELATED 22
SUBSTANCE ABUSE 23
CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE 23
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (Continued) 24
ADHD 25
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 25
Multiple Sclerosis (Continued) 26
INFECTION 27
METABOLIC DISORDERS 27
BRAIN TUMORS 28
CABG 28
TABLE 4    PERCENT OF PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA/COGNITIVE DEFICIT (%) 28
PRIMARY 28
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 28
TABLE 5 WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (%) 29
TABLE 6 EXISTING TREATMENTS: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 29
Role of the Cholinergic System 29
Role of Beta-Amyloid Protein 30
TABLE 7   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 31
FIGURE 2   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 31
VASCULAR DEMENTIA 32
TABLE 8   WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: VASCULAR DEMENTIA (%) 32
TABLE 9 EXISTING TREATMENTS: VASCULAR DEMENTIA 32
Cause 33
VCIND 34
Binswanger’s Disease 34
Multi-Infarct Dementia 34
Treatment 35
TABLE 10   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR VASCULAR DEMENTIA, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 35
FIGURE 3 TREATMENT FORECAST FOR VASCULAR DEMENTIA, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 36
Counseling and Psychotherapy 37
Pharmacotherapy 37
Outlook 38
LEWY BODY DEMENTIA 38
TABLE 11 WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: LEWY BODY DEMENTIA (%) 39
Treatment 39
TABLE 12   EXISTING TREATMENTS: LBD 40
Outlook 40
TABLE 13   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR LBD, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 40
FIGURE 4   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR LBD, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 41
PARKINSON’S DISEASE 41
Parkinson’s Disease (Continued) 42
Other Parkinsonism Syndromes 43
Recognizing Other Causes of Parkinsonism 43
Medication-Induced Parkinsonism 44
Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD) 44
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) 44
Multiple System Atrophy (Continued) 45
Multiple System Atrophy (Continued) 46
SCHIZOPHRENIA 47
Schizophrenia (Continued) 48
Schizophrenia (Continued) 49
TABLE 14    WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: SCHIZOPHRENIA (%) 50
Treatment 50
TABLE 15   EXISTING TREATMENTS: SCHIZOPHRENIA 51
TABLE 16   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (CIAS), THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 51
FIGURE 5   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA (CIAS), 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 52
Treatment (Continued) 53
Outlook 54
MCI/AAMI 54
TABLE 17   WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: MCI/AAMI (%) 55
TABLE 18   EXISTING TREATMENTS: MCI/AAMI 55
TABLE 19 TREATMENT FORECAST FOR MCI/AAMI, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 55
FIGURE 6   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR MCI/AAMI, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 56
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 56
Demographics 57
TABLE 20    WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE (%) 57
TABLE 21   EXISTING TREATMENTS: HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 57
Demographics (Continued) 58
Treatment 59
TABLE 22    TREATMENT FORECAST FOR HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 60
FIGURE 7 TREATMENT FORECAST FOR HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 61
HIV-RELATED MEMORY AND COGNITION EFFECTS 61
TABLE 23   WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: HIV-RELATED (%) 62
TABLE 24    EXISTING TREATMENTS: HIV-RELATED 63
TABLE 25   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR HIV-RELATED, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 63
FIGURE 8   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR HIV-RELATED, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 64
GENETIC DISEASES 64
TABLE 26   WORLDWIDE DISEASE PREVALENCE: GENETIC DISEASES (%) 64
TABLE 27   EXISTING TREATMENTS: GENETIC DISEASES 65
TABLE 28    TREATMENT FORECAST FOR GENETIC DISEASES: COGNITION ONLY, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLION) 65
FIGURE 9   TREATMENT FORECAST FOR GENETIC DISEASES, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 66
Pick’s Disease 66
Krabbe Disease 67
Krabbe Disease (Continued) 68

Chapter-4: MECHANISMS OF ACTION

MECHANISMS OF ACTION 69
TABLE 29   MARKETED TREATMENTS: ALL DISEASES 70
COMMON MECHANISMS 71
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS 71
TABLE 30    CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS 71
NMDA Antagonists 71
TABLE 31   NMDA ANTAGONISTS 72
Nicotinics 72
TABLE 32    NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE ANTAGONISTS 73
Calcineurins 73
TABLE 33   CALCINEURINS 73
GABA Modulators 74
TABLE 34   ANTI-EPILEPTIC/GABA MODULATORS 74
Hormones 75
TABLE 35   HORMONES 75
OTHER MECHANISMS 75
COGNITION ENHANCERS IN DEVELOPMENT 76
DRUGS FOR DISEASE MODIFICATION 76
Secretase Inhibitors 76
Metal Chelation 76
Vaccines 76
Statins 76
Neurotransmitter Targets 77
NSAIDS 77
Antioxidants 77
Hormones 78
Other Agents 78
TABLE 36   OVERVIEW OF MEMORY/COGNITION TREATMENTS 78
TABLE 36 (CONTINUED) 79
TABLE 37   DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE OF MEMORY/COGNITION DRUGS, BY DEVELOPMENT STATUS 79
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 80
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 81
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 82
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 83
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 84
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) 85
FIGURE 10 DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE OF MEMORY/COGNITION DRUGS: NUMBER OF PROGRAMS AT EACH CLINICAL STAGE 85
Glutamate 86
Calcium Channels 86
Maxi-K Channels 86
CREB and Phosphodiesterase 87
Acetylcholine 87
Dopamine 87
Serotonin 88
GABA 88
The Cannabinoid System 88
Histamine 89
Neurohormones and Neuropeptides 89
Other Molecular Targets 89
Genome and Stem Cells 90
FUTURE COGNITION ENHANCERS 91
Changes in Society 91
Increasing Knowledge 91
Scientific Limitations 92
Implications 93
Potential Benefits and Harms 93
Health Economics 94
Regulation, Ethics, and Society 94
TABLE 38    OTC TREATMENTS/NATURAL PRODUCTS 95
OTC TREATMENTS 96
Ginkgo 97
GENE THERAPY 98
STIMULANTS 98
Stimulants (Continued) 99

Chapter-5: WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

GROWTH DRIVERS 100
TABLE 39   TOP-SELLING MEMORY AND COGNITION DRUGS ($ MILLIONS) 100
AGING POPULATION 100
Aging Population (Continued) 101
OFF-LABEL USE 102
UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS 103
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 104
Genetic Modifications 105
GROWTH OBSTACLES 105
UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISMS 106
TABLE 40    CLINICAL SUCCESS RATES BY THERAPEUTIC AREA (%) 106
FIGURE 11 CLINICAL SUCCESS RATES BY THERAPEUTIC AREA (%) 106
CO-MORBID DISEASE STATES 107
ACCEPTANCE OF MEMORY AND COGNITION AS TREATABLE CONDITIONS 107
TREATMENT OF CHILDREN 107
Treatment of Children (Continued) 108
KEY COMPETITIVE FACTORS 109
PRODUCT LAUNCH 109
LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 109
INDUSTRY LEADERS 110
MERCK 110
TABLE 41    MERCK MEMORY AND COGNITION PIPELINE 110
ROCHE 110
TABLE 42    ROCHE MEMORY AND COGNITION PIPELINE 110
PFIZER 111
TABLE 43    PFIZER MEMORY AND COGNITION PIPELINE 111
SHIRE 111
TABLE 44    SHIRE MEMORY AND COGNITION PIPELINE 111
CEPHALON 112
TABLE 45    CEPHALON MEMORY AND COGNITION PIPELINE 112
PAYORS 112
PAYORS (CONTINUED) 113
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 114
TABLE 46    PER CAPITA GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON HEALTHCARE BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2006 ($ MILLIONS) 115
BIOTECHNOLOGY CLUSTERS 116
LEGISLATION AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 116
VALIDATED TARGETS 116
LACK OF BIOMARKERS 116
TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 117
REIMBURSEMENT 118
SCHEDULING STATUS 119
MEMORY AND COGNITION AS A STAND-ALONE INDICATION 119
RELATED DEALS AND PARTNERSHIPS 119
RELATED DEALS AND PARTNERSHIPS (CONTINUED) 120
TABLE 47 RELATED DEALS AND PARTNERSHIPS, 2002-2008 121
TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 122
TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 123

Chapter-6: PATENT ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION 124
TRENDS BY COUNTRY 124
TABLE 48    PATENT ANALYSIS MAJOR U.S. PATENT HOLDERS IN MEMORY/COGNITION DISORDERS 124
FIGURE 12   MAJOR PATENT HOLDERS BY ASSIGNEE (%) 125
TRENDS BY ASSIGNEE 125
TRENDS BY TECHNOLOGY 126
TABLE 49    U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS 127
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 128
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 129
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 130
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 131
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 132
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 133
TABLE 49 (CONTINUED) 134
TABLE 50    U.S. PATENTS GRANTED 135
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 136
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 137
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 138
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 139
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 140
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 141
TABLE 50 (CONTINUED) 142

Chapter-7: OUTLOOK: TRENDS AND CHALLENGES

GENERAL TRENDS 143
GENERAL TRENDS (CONTINUED) 144
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 145
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS (CONTINUED) 146

Chapter-8: COMPANY PROFILES

ACADIA PHARMACEUTICALS 147
ACCERA, INC. 147
ACUMEN PHARMACEUTICALS 147
ALLON THERAPEUTICS (FKA NEURODISCOVERY) 147
ALZHYME PTY 148
AMARIN PHARMACEUTICALS 148
ASTRAZENECA 148
BRAINCELLS, INC. 149
COGNITION PHARMACEUTICALS 149
COLUCID PHARMACEUTICALS 149
COMENTIS 149
CORTEX PHARMACEUTICALS 150
ENVIVO PHARMACEUTICALS 150
GALENEA 150
GLAXOSMITH KLINE 151
HELICON THERAPEUTICS 151
INTELLECT NEUROSCIENCES 151
INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES 151
IPSEN 152
LEXICON PHARMACEUTICALS 152
MEDIVATION 152
MEMORY PHARMACEUTICALS 152
MERCK 153
MERCKSERONO 153
MITHRIDION 153
NEUREN PHARMACEUTICALS 153
NEUROSEARCH 153
NEURO-HITECH 154
NEWRON PHARMACEUTICALS 154
NOVARTIS 154
PFIZER 154
PRANA BIOTECHNOLOGY 155
PSYCHOGENICS 155
SANOFI-AVENTIS 155
SATORI PHARMACEUTICALS 155
SCIELE PHARMA 155
SEASIDE THERAPEUTICS 156
SHIRE 156
TAKEDA 156
TARGACEPT 156
TAURX THERAPEUTICS 156
TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS 157
VOYAGER PHARMACEUTICAL / DURAMED 157
WYETH 157

Chapter-9: APPENDIX

COMPANY LISTING 158
ACADIA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 158
ACCERA, INC. 158
ACUMEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 158
ALLON THERAPEUTICS, INC. 159
ALZHYME, LTD. 159
AMARIN CORP PLC. 159
AMARIN PHARMA INC. 159
ASTRAZENECA 160
BRAINCELLS, INC. 160
COGNITION PHARMACEUTICALS LLC 160
COGNITIVE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD 160
COLUCID PHARMACEUTICALS 160
COMENTIS (FKA ATHENAGEN) 160
CORTEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 15231 BARRANCA PARKWAY 161
ENVIVO PHARMACEUTICALS 161
GALENEA CORP. 161
GLAXOSMITHKLINE 161
HELICON THERAPEUTICS, INC. 161
INTELLECT NEUROSCIENCES, INC. 162
INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES 162
IPSEN 162
LEXICON PHARMACEUTICALS 162
MEDIVATION, INC. 163
MEMORY PHARMACEUTICALS 163
MERCK & CO., INC. 163
MERCKSERONO 163
MITHRIDION 163
NEUREN PHARMACEUTICALS, LTD 164
NEUROSEARCH A/S 164
NEURO-HITECH, INC. 164
NEWRON 164
NOVARTIS 165
PFIZER 165
PRANA 165
PSYCHOGENICS, INC. 165
SANOFI-AVENTIS 165
SATORI PHARMACEUTICALS 165
SCIELE PHARMA 166
SEASIDE THERAPEUTICS 166
SHIRE 166
TAKEDA 166
TARGACEPT, INC. 167
TAURX THERAPEUTICS LTD. 167
TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS 167
VOYAGER PHARMACEUTICALS 167
WYETH PHARMACEUTICALS 167
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (Continued) 168