Environmental Sensing and Monitoring Technologies: Global Markets

• Publication date: October 2011

REPORT SCOPE INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL TRENDS There are two PRINCIPAL TRENDS of note in the environmental sensing and monitoring business. The first is the technological revolution in the design and engineering of individual sensors and sensor components. The trend in terms of individual sensors is toward miniaturization. Making sensors smaller lowers material costs and energy requirements and make...

REPORT SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPAL TRENDS

There are two PRINCIPAL TRENDS of note in the environmental sensing and monitoring business. The first is the technological revolution in the design and engineering of individual sensors and sensor components. The trend in terms of individual sensors is toward miniaturization. Making sensors smaller lowers material costs and energy requirements and makes large distributed networks possible.

Indeed, the second principal trend is the development of environmental sensor and monitoring networks themselves. There is an explosion in the number, extent, and capacity of these networks, so much so that this report can only provide a sampling. At the governmental level alone, annual expenditures on maintenance and operation of these networks is nearly $500 million just in the U.S.

Sensor networks allow distributed sensing capacity, real-time data visualization and analysis, and integration with adjacent networks and remote sensing data streams. Underpinning the development of networks is the miniaturization of electronics, the availability of massive data storage and computational capacity, and the Internet. As this report documents, environmental sensor networks have been firmly established, and large new networks are actively in development. New projects range from those that are continental in scope to those that only monitor local conditions. The range of variables measured includes daily CO2 fluxes to decadal shifts in temperatures. Sensor systems can monitor physical and biological activity, as well as measure groundwater fluxes and nutrient dynamics.

LARGE GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY

The global environmental remediation and monitoring business is huge. In the U.S. market alone, some $250 billion of economic output stems from all pollution control and monitoring activities each year. Among the faster-growing segments of this clean-up business are the markets for sophisticated sensors; monitoring equipment; and large-scale networks, such as satellite, GPS, and remote sensing; associated networking equipment and ancillaries; and a large slate of new technologies. Globally, the markets for environmental sensors and the related sub-segments (e.g., monitoring, networks, remote sensing) account for approximately $13 billion of economic activity at present, with a projected average annual growth of 5.4% through 2016.

The purpose of this report is to measure and forecast the demand for sensor equipment, systems, and networks that are sold for terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric environmental sensing. The report defines markets for sensors and/or sensor systems (e.g., monitoring networks), and then separately defines markets for the advanced materials and advanced sensor concepts that represent markets of the future. In regard to cutting edge developments, nanotechnology, for which considerable EPA and NSF research dollars have been expended, is covered. Nanotechnology-based chemical sensors can provide high-sensitivity, low-power, and low-cost portable tools for in situ chemical analysis in space and terrestrial applications. An additional purpose of this report is to assess the needs of long-term environmental monitoring applications and to summarize the capabilities of emerging sensor technologies.

Environmental sensors come in literally thousands of forms and types based on a wide range of physical and chemical principles with varying types of usable outputs. Typical contaminants monitored are metals, volatile organic compounds, biological contaminants, and radioisotopes. The field applications of sensors are also extremely varied. Among the key trends in the environmental sensors business is miniaturization down to the nano scale, continuous and/or real-time sensing capabilities, wireless networked operation, rapid processing, and increased sensitivity or flexibility. Areas of environmental focus include vehicular emissions, combustion of fossil fuels, agricultural runoff, industrial and mine waste disposal, ocean spills and dumping, and climate change and weather monitoring.

Environmental sensors and monitoring technologies have not only become a substantial high-technology business, but future growth is almost pre-ordained due to the fact that global economies must manage their environmental impact or eventually destroy themselves. At the same time that environmental clean-up is more or less forced onto the policy-making agenda, technology revolutions in nanotechnology, semiconductors (e.g., lab-on-a-chip), and communications are facilitating sensor product development and implementation.

SCOPE OF STUDY

This BCC study focuses on key environmental sensor technologies and applications. It also provides data regarding the size and growth of numerous sensor markets, company profiles, and industry trends. Cutting edge developments, research priorities, and potential business opportunities are also examined.

This report covers:

* The environmental sensor industry and its structure, and the many companies involved in providing these products
* Emerging growth areas, such as large-scale monitoring networks.
* Development stage companies in which the most innovative technologies are originating
* Markets for environmental sensors, including passive, active, electromechanical, and semiconductors
* Sensor applications in temperature sensing, moisture detection, and biological and chemical detection
* Company profiles, including overseas manufacturers
* Patent activity

INTENDED AUDIENCE

With its broad scope and in-depth analyses, this study will prove to be a valuable resource for anyone involved with or interested in environmental sensors. It will be particularly useful for researchers; laboratory and government personnel working in research or company settings; and business professionals, such as marketing managers, strategic planners, forecasters, and new product and business developers who are involved with most aspects of the sensors industry. It also will be of value to potential investors and members of the general public who are interested in acquiring a business-oriented view of the use of sensors in environmental monitoring. The projections, forecasts, and trend analyses found in this report provide readers with the necessary data and information for decision making.

METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in the preparation of this study. The research METHODOLOGY was both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Market data was derived from trade sources, self-reported data by companies, and government statistics covering the pollution control markets and the sensor and instrumentation markets. The most recent academic literature on environmental sensors was reviewed. Other key market INFORMATION SOURCES include sensor magazines and journals, books, trade literature, marketing literature, product and promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and government publications. A patent search and analysis was conducted.

INFORMATION SOURCES

As is the case with most high-technology industries and economic sectors, data resources analyzing sensor technologies have become vast. There are numerous referred journals devoted solely to sensor technology, not to mention environmental journals that report on larger systems issues or strategic and economic issues in environmental management. Data sources employed include government economic and output data; press releases on company websites that include application news, company news, marketing news, and product news; brochures; product literature; sensor magazines; technical journals; technical books; marketing literature; promotional literature; annual reports; security analyst reports; and other sensor business digest publications. An extensive patent analysis was conducted to gauge technological innovation and to determine research activity as it applies to new product development.

Global Biotechnology Industry

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
PRINCIPAL TRENDS 1
LARGE GLOBAL OPPORTUNITY 1
SCOPE OF STUDY . 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
METHODOLOGY ... 3
INFORMATION SOURCES ... 3
ANALYST’S CREDENTIALS . 4
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS . 4
BCC ONLINE SERVICES .. 4
DISCLAIMER . 5
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY .. 6
MAJOR FINDINGS 6
KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY 7
KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY (CONTINUED) .. 8
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR AND
MONITORING BUSINESS BY MARKET CATEGORY, THROUGH
2016 ($ BILLIONS) .. 9
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR AND
MONITORING BUSINESS BY MARKET CATEGORY, 2009–2016 ($
BILLIONS) ... 9
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW .. 10
TOTAL SENSORS BUSINESS 10
OVERALL ENVIRONMENT MARKET CONTEXT ... 10
TABLE 1 U.S. INDUSTRIES WITH THE LARGEST TOTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, 2010 ($ BILLIONS) ... 11
TABLE 2 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND TESTING
MARKET BY OPERATING COSTS EXCLUSIVE OF EQUIPMENT
PURCHASES, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) . 11
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS . 12
SENSOR MARKET CLASSIFICATION .. 12
TABLE 3 SENSOR CATEGORIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING ... 13
PHYSICAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES .. 14
TABLE 4 DOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES DEPLOYED FOR PHYSICAL
SENSING ... 14
TABLE 5 NEW TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS FOR PHYSICAL
SENSING ... 15
CHEMICAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES 15
BIOLOGICAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES . 16
TABLE 6 PROMISING BIOLOGICAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES . 16
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 17
ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES AS THE KEY DRIVING-FORCE
VARIABLE UNDERPINNING THE GROWTH OF THE SENSORS
BUSINESS ... 17
WATER RESOURCES ... 18
OTHER KEY MARKET TRENDS ... 19
CHAPTER FOUR: REGULATORY DRIVERS .. 20
OVERVIEW ... 20
GOVERNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SPENDING
TRENDS ... 20
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM ... 21
CLOUDS AND THE EARTH’S RADIANT ENERGY SYSTEM .. 22
EPA ENVIRONMENTAL STRICTURES 22
EPA ENVIRONMENTAL STRICTURES (CONTINUED) ... 23
AIR MONITORING .. 24
CHAPTER FIVE: ENVIRONMENTAL NETWORKS .. 25
MARKET OVERVIEW . 25
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NETWORKS ... 25
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BIO-SURVEILLANCE ... 26
WATER SECURITY INITIATIVE . 26
BIOWATCH PROGRAM 27
BIOLOGICAL COMMON OPERATING PICTURE . 27
TABLE 7 FEDERAL SPENDING ON BIO-SURVEILLANCE
NETWORKS, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .. 28
LARGE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING NETWORKS .. 28
OCEAN OBSERVATORIES INITIATIVE 28
INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM . 29
QUAKE CATCHER NETWORK ... 30
FOG WARNING SYSTEMS .. 31
PACHUBE NETWORKING .. 32
ARGO .. 32
FLUXNET ... 33
HIGH-PERFORMANCE WIRELESS RESEARCH AND
EDUCATION NETWORK 33
ZEBRANET 34
AUTOMATED RADIO-TELEMETRY SYSTEM .. 34
EXTENSIBLE SENSING SYSTEM .. 35
NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY NETWORK . 35
GLOBAL LAKE ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY NETWORK .. 36
ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION MEASUREMENT CLIMATE
RESEARCH FACILITY 36
DEFENSE WEATHER SATELLITE SYSTEM 37
DELAWARE ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVING SYSTEM 37
Delaware Environmental … (Continued) ... 38
GLACSWEB PROJECT . 39
TIDE STATION DATA-SHARING NETWORKS . 39
SENSOR MANAGEMENT FOR APPLIED RESEARCH
TECHNOLOGIES . 39
INTEGRATED SENSOR WEB APPROACH FOR NATURAL
HAZARD APPLICATIONS ... 40
NTT DOCOMO, INC ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR NETWORK
BUSINESS ... 40
SIEMENS CORPORATE TECHNOLOGY URBAN FLOOD PROJECT ... 41
AGRICULTURE SENSOR NETWORK APPLICATIONS .. 41
AGRICULTURE SENSOR NETWORK … (CONTINUED) . 42
SOIL MONITORING SYSTEMS ... 43
CITIZEN SCIENTISTS’ NETWORKS . 44
DYNAMIC LARGE-SCALE SENSOR NETWORKS ... 44
OTHER SENSOR NETWORKING INITIATIVES .. 45
CHAPTER SIX: CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS .. 46
OVERVIEW ... 46
ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS . 47
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING 47
TABLE 8 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING TYPES AND COMPANIES
INVOLVED, 2010 ... 47
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 48
CHAPTER SEVEN: MARKET SEGMENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL
SENSOR BUSINESS . 49
OVERVIEW ... 49
TABLE 9 SENSORS USEFUL IN ENVIRONMENTAL DETECTION
AND MONITORING .. 49
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) 50
SENSORS BY MODALITY .. 50
TABLE 10 SENSORS BY MODALITY AND RELATIVE COST . 51
DISCUSSION OF PRINCIPAL TYPES ... 51
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTORS 51
IN SITU PERMEABLE FLOW SENSOR . 52
LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE 53
METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR SENSORS . 54
PHOTO IONIZATION DETECTOR .. 54
RIBBON NAPL SAMPLER ... 55
CATALYTIC BEAD SENSORS . 55
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS 55
SURFACE GAMMA RADIATION DETECTION . 56
Three-Dimensional GammaModeler ... 56
RadScan 600 Gamma-Ray Imaging System ... 57
In Situ Gamma Spectroscopy with an In Situ Object-
Counting System 57
INFRARED SENSORS .. 57
LASER ACOUSTIC SENSOR ... 58
MICROWAVE RADIOMETER .. 58
VISIBLE SENSORS ... 58
ULTRAVIOLET SENSORS ... 59
RADAR 59
COMBINATION DEVICES ... 59
MARKET SALES BY TYPE . 60
TABLE 11 GLOBAL SALES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS BY
TYPE WITHIN MARKET CATEGORIES, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 61
CHAPTER EIGHT: INTERNATIONAL MARKETS 62
OVERVIEW ... 62
U.S. EXPORT POSITION . 62
SOUTH KOREAN SENSOR INDUSTRY 63
MARKET DEMAND .. 63
TABLE 12 SENSOR MARKET IN SOUTH KOREA, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) ... 64
KEY SUPPLIERS ... 65
TABLE 13 KEY SENSOR SUPPLIERS IN THE SOUTH KOREAN
MARKET 66
SOUTH KOREA’S UBIQUITOUS SENSING PROJECTS .. 67
Market Demand ... 68
MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES .. 68
TAIWAN’S WIRELESS SENSORS MARKET FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL . 69
MARKET DEMAND .. 69
SPECIFIC EXPORT PROSPECTS 70
Agriculture ... 70
Green Building and Smart Building Technology ... 71
KEY SUPPLIERS ... 71
Key Suppliers (Continued) .. 72
CHINA’S MARKET FOR SENSORS AND MONITORING
INSTRUMENTS .. 73
TABLE 14 IN-DEMAND WATER QUALITY MONITORING
EQUIPMENT TYPES IN DEMAND IN CHINA . 73
CHINESE GOVERNMENT’S ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY 74
MARKET DEMAND .. 74
GOVERNMENT’S ROLE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING INITIATIVES . 75
Government’s Role in Environmental … (Continued) ... 76
IMPORTS FROM THE U.S. .. 77
TABLE 15 PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN FOR WATER
MONITORING AND SENSORS IMPORTED BY CHINA IN
APPROXIMATE RANK, 2008 ... 77
KEY SUPPLIERS TO CHINA’S MARKET ... 77
TABLE 16 PRINCIPAL FIRMS ACTIVE IN SELLING WATER QUALITY
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES IN CHINA. 78
TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) .. 79
CATEGORIES OF PROSPECTIVE BUYERS .. 80
MEP .. 80
China National Environmental Monitoring Center ... 80
MARKET ISSUES AND OBSTACLES . 80
Low-Quality Domestic Equipment .. 80
World Trade Organization .. 81
CANADA’S ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY . 81
TABLE 17 DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVENUES BY
PROVINCE (%) .. 81
MARKET DEMAND .. 82
TABLE 18 WATER FILTRATION AND SEWAGE EQUIPMENT,
INCLUDING MONITORING EXPENDITURES, 2008-2011 ($
MILLIONS) 83
BELGIAN MARKET FOR AIR POLLUTION SENSORS AND
MONITORING SYSTEMS .. 83
MARKET OVERVIEW ... 83
Brussels-Capital Region .. 84
Wallonia ... 85
Flanders ... 85
MARKET DEMAND AND TRENDS . 85
Particulates .. 86
Indoor Air Quality ... 86
TABLE 19 MONITORING AND SENSOR EXPORT PROSPECTS FOR
BELGIUM .. 86
COMPETITION AND MARKET ENTRY . 87
CHAPTER NINE: OTHER LARGE SEGMENTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING AND MONITORING BUSINESS . 88
OVERVIEW ... 88
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING . 88
GPS INFRASTRUCTURE . 88
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF GPS ... 89
OTHER GPS SYSTEMS 90
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENTRELATED
APPLICATIONS OF GPS TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) ... 91
RADON MONITORING AND TESTING MARKET ... 91
TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET DEMAND FOR RADON TESTING AND
MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2016 ($MILLIONS) .. 92
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING ... 93
SCOPE OF APPLICATION ... 93
RECENT TRENDS . 94
PASSIVE VERSUS ACTIVE DATA COLLECTION 95
PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE
SENSING DATA .. 95
SENSING SYSTEMS BASED ON LARGE-SCALE RADAR SYSTEMS ... 96
SENSING SYSTEMS BASED ON … (CONTINUED) . 97
SPACECRAFT AND THE GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE
EXPERIMENT . 98
MARKET DEMAND . 99
REMOTE SENSING SOFTWARE MARKET . 100
MARKET LEADERS 101
TABLE 22 MARKET DEMAND FOR ENVIRONMENT-RELATED
REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2016 ($
BILLIONS) ... 101
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES RELEVANT TO REMOTE SENSING .. 101
R&D FOCUS ... 102
TABLE 23 PRINCIPLE ADVANCES EXPECTED IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING ASPECTS OF REMOTE SENSING, 2011–2016 . 102
TABLE 24 TOP FORECASTED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
APPLICATIONS FOR REMOTE SENSING .. 103
CHAPTER TEN: TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT . 104
OVERVIEW . 104
MAJOR TRENDS 104
CYBERINFRASTRUCTURE . 104
TABLE 25 NEW SENSOR PRODUCT TECHNOLOGIES AND
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS ... 105
NANOTECHNOLOGY 105
TABLE 26 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (PRODUCT AND R&D)
ATTRIBUTABLE TO NEW ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR AND
MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 106
CURRENTLY FUNDED SENSOR R&D AND PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT ... 106
TABLE 27 CURRENTLY FUNDED SENSOR DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS, AS OF JULY 1, 2011 ... 107
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 108
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 109
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 110
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 111
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 112
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 113
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 114
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 115
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 116
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 117
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 118
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 119
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 120
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 121
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 122
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 123
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 124
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 125
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 126
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 127
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 128
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 129
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 130
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 131
NOTABLE PRODUCT AND TECHNOLOGY FOCUSES 132
ZEOLITES 132
DISPOSABLE, MASS-PRODUCIBLE, NANOPHOTONIC
SENSOR CHIPS . 132
CITIZEN’S DOSIMETER 133
PLASMONIC SENSORS . 134
FIELD ASYMMETRIC ION MOBILITY SPECTROSCOPY . 135
GAS SENSORS FROM SILICON CARBIDE . 135
MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS . 136
REAL-TIME MONITORING APPROACHES. 136
Real-Time Monitoring Approaches (Continued) .. 137
HEWLETT-PACKARD CENSE INITIATIVE 138
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE BIOSENSORS .. 139
NANOSENSORS .. 140
CARBON NANOTUBE SENSORS . 140
Carbon Nanotube Sensors (Continued) 141
NANOWIRES AS INEXPENSIVE SENSORS 142
SENSORS FOR HEAVY METAL DETECTION 143
DIODE LASER-BASED SENSORS 144
Diode Laser-Based Sensors (Continued) .. 145
Diode Laser-Based Sensors (Continued) .. 146
MILLIHERTZ/TERAHERTZ SENSOR TECHNOLOGY ... 147
PRINTED AND ORGANIC SENSORS ... 148
LAB-ON-A-CHIP CONCEPTS 148
Lab-On-A-Chip Concepts (Continued) . 149
WATER VAPOR DETECTION 150
LOW-VOLTAGE CHIPS .. 151
BIOSENSORS .. 152
Biosensor Applications in the Field .. 153
Biosensor Applications … (Continued) .. 154
Biosensor Applications … (Continued) .. 155
WIND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS .. 156
DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUATIC SENSING SYSTEMS ... 156
Developments in … (Continued) ... 157
Developments in … (Continued) ... 158
SYSTEMS AND NETWORKING APPROACHES.. 159
Cisco/NASA Sensor Networking Project ... 159
MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED DEVICES. 160
ACOUSTIC WAVE SENSORS 161
Temperature Sensors 162
Mass Sensors . 162
Dew Point and Humidity Sensors . 162
Vapor Chemical Sensors: Coated and Uncoated .. 163
MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS SENSORS . 163
RADIOISOTOPE SENSORS ... 164
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND SENSORS ... 165
ADVANCED SENSOR COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES 166
ADAPTATION OF SPACE PROGRAM SENSORS FOR
TERRESTRIAL USE .. 167
Adaptation of Space Program …(Continued) ... 168
CHAPTER ELEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY . 169
OVERVIEW . 169
ENVIRONMENTAL NANOSENSOR MARKET PROSPECTS ... 170
NANOWIRES .. 170
NANOWIRES (CONTINUED) 171
PRINCIPAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INITIATIVES
INVOLVING SENSING TECHNOLOGIES OR DEVICES FOR
POLLUTANT AND MICROBIAL DETECTION.. 172
HYDROGELS ... 173
NANOSENSOR FOR THE DETECTION OF SAXITOXIN ... 173
CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOWIRE IMMUNOSENSOR
ARRAYS FOR MICROBIAL PATHOGENS .. 174
COMPOUND-SPECIFIC IMPRINTED NANOSPHERES FOR
OPTICAL SENSING ... 175
NANOMATERIAL-BASED MICROCHIP ASSAYS FOR
CONTINUOUS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .. 175
?-INTEGRATED SENSING SYSTEM BY CONTROLLED
ASSEMBLY OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON MEMS
STRUCTURES 176
LOW-COST ORGANIC GAS SENSORS ON PLASTIC FOR
DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .. 177
SILICON OLFACTORY BULB: A NEUROMORPHIC
APPROACH TO MOLECULAR SENSING WITH
CHEMORECEPTIVE NEURON MOS TRANSISTORS ... 177
METAL BIOSENSORS: DEVELOPMENT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING .. 178
ADVANCED NANOSENSORS FOR CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF HEAVY METALS ... 178
NANOSENSORS FOR DETECTION OF AQUATIC TOXINS .. 179
ULTRASENSITIVE PATHOGEN QUANTIFICATION IN
DRINKING WATER USING HIGHLY PIEZOELECTRIC
PMN-PT MICROCANTILEVERS .. 180
NANOCONTACT SENSOR FOR HEAVY METAL ION
DETECTION ... 181
NANOSTRUCTURED POROUS SILICON AND
LUMINESCENT POLYSILOLES AS CHEMICAL SENSORS
FOR CARCINOGENIC CHROMIUM (VI) AND ARSENIC
(V) 182
MICROFLUIDICS .. 182
MICROFLUIDICS-BASED LEAD DETECTOR . 183
CHAPTER TWELVE: PATENT ANALYSIS ... 184
TABLE 28 DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR PATENTS
BY CATEGORY OF ASSIGNEE, 2009–2011 (%) ... 184
SAMPLE PATENTS FROM THE U.S. PATENT DATABASE . 185
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR, PARTICLE COUNTING
SYSTEM HAVING AN ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR, AND
METHODS OF OPERATING THE SAME 185
Abstract .. 185
OPTICAL INTEGRATED NANOSPECTROMETER . 185
Abstract .. 185
SENSOR ... 186
Abstract .. 186
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .. 186
Abstract .. 186
METHOD FOR INTERNET-WORKED HYBRID WIRELESS
INTEGRATED NETWORK SENSORS . 187
Abstract .. 187
WIRELESS SENSOR AND SYSTEM THAT DETERMINES
EXPOSURE TO AN ENVIROMENTAL ELEMENT BASED
ON LOCAL CONDITIONS . 187
Abstract .. 187
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING AN
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 188
Abstract .. 188
WIRELESS SENSOR PROBE . 188
Abstract .. 188
MAGNETOSTRICTIVE LIGAND SENSOR ... 189
Abstract .. 189
MEASURING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MEASURING AT
LEAST ONE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER 189
Abstract .. 189
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR INCLUDING A BAFFLE .. 190
Abstract .. 190
CHARGED CARBON NANOTUBES FOR USE AS SENSORS 190
Abstract .. 190
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR, PARTICLE COUNTING
SYSTEM HAVING AN ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR, AND
METHODS OF OPERATING THE SAME 191
Abstract .. 191
LONG-RANGE, BATTERY POWERED, WIRELESS
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR INTERFACE DEVICES .. 191
Abstract .. 192
SMART FAIMS SENSOR 192
Abstract .. 192
SIMPLE FIBER OPTIC SEISMOMETER FOR HARSH
ENVIRONMENTS .. 192
Abstract .. 193
SENSOR AND TRANSMISSION CONTROL CIRCUIT IN
ADAPTIVE INTERFACE PACKAGE 193
Abstract .. 193
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOTE, FREE-SPACE
OPTICAL DETECTION OF POTENTIAL THREAT AGENT .. 194
Abstract .. 194
FLUID MOTION AND COMPOSITION ANALYSIS DEVICE
AND METHOD ... 194
Abstract .. 194
SENSOR APPARATUS 195
Abstract .. 195
DUAL-CAVITY DISPLACEMENT SENSOR . 195
Abstract .. 195
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS USING BRAGG FILTERS . 196
Abstract .. 196
TRUSTED MONITORING SYSTEM AND METHOD ... 196
Abstract .. 196
ELECTROCHEMICAL GAS SENSOR ... 197
Abstract .. 197
CORRECTION OF HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT RESULTS
OF A RADIOSONDE .. 198
Abstract .. 198
SYSTEM AND METHOD TO RECORD ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITION ON AN RFID TAG ... 198
Abstract .. 198
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR EFFICIENT AND
COLLECTIVE ADJUSTMENT OF SENSOR REPORTING
RANGES FOR LONG-LIVED QUERIES .. 199
Abstract .. 199
PHOTOLUMINESCENT POLYMETALLOLES AS CHEMICAL
SENSORS 199
Abstract .. 200
SENSING AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM, NETWORK, AND
METHOD 200
Abstract .. 200
IONIZATION-BASED DETECTION .. 200
Abstract .. 201
NANO-MECHANIC MICROSENSORS AND METHODS FOR
DETECTING TARGET ANALYTES . 201
Abstract .. 201
MICROSCOPIC BATTERIES FOR MEMS SYSTEMS .. 201
Abstract .. 201
MEMS-BASED CONDUCTIVITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH
SENSOR FOR HARSH OCEANIC ENVIRONMENT .. 202
Abstract .. 202
METHOD AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATING APPARATUS
FOR ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT . 202
Abstract .. 202
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TRANSMITTING POLLUTION
INFORMATION OVER AN INTEGRATED WIRELESS
NETWORK .. 203
Abstract .. 203
METHOD OF AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING OIL
POLLUTION ON WATER SURFACES . 203
Abstract .. 203
GAN-BASED SENSOR NODES FOR IN SITU DETECTION OF
GASES . 204
Abstract .. 204
EMBEDDED PIEZOELECTRIC MICROCANTILEVER
SENSORS 204
Abstract .. 204
MONITORING AN ENVIRONMENT USING A RFID
ASSEMBLY . 205
Abstract .. 205
ANALYZER .. 205
Abstract .. 205
LASER REMOTE SENSING OF BACKSCATTERED LIGHT
FROM A TARGET SAMPLE .. 206
Abstract .. 206
METHOD FOR SELECTING REPRESENTATIVE
ENDMEMBER COMPONENTS FROM SPECTRAL DATA 206
Abstract .. 206
METHOD FOR INTELLIGENT PARKING/POLLUTION AND
SURVEILLANCE CONTROL SYSTEM 207
Abstract .. 207
IONIZATION SOURCE FOR MASS SPECTROMETER ... 207
Abstract .. 208
INTEGRATED NANOTUBE SENSOR ... 208
Abstract .. 208
NETWORK OF SENSOR NODES ASSEMBLIES AND
METHOD OF REMOTE SENSING WITHIN LIQUID
ENVIRONMENTS .. 208
Abstract .. 209
INTERSUBBAND SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS WITH
ENHANCED SUBBAND DEPOPULATION RATE . 209
Abstract .. 209
SURFACE-PLASMON-RESONANCE SENSING TECHNIQUE
USING ELECTRO-OPTIC MODULATION .. 210
Abstract .. 210
METHOD FOR COLLECTING AND PROCESSING DATA
USING INTERNETWORKED WIRELESS INTEGRATED
NETWORK SENSORS (WINS) .. 210
Abstract .. 211
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: COMPANY PROFILES ... 212
ACREO AB .. 212
AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES . 212
AIRMAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION .. 212
AIRTEST TECHNOLOGIES, INC . 213
ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS 213
ALERTEK, LLC .. 213
ANALOG DEVICES, INC. .. 214
APPLIED GEOMECHANICS, INC 214
APPLIEDSENSOR, INC. 214
BALL AEROSPACE 215
CASELLA MEASUREMENT, LTD. .. 216
CHELSEA TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, LTD. ... 216
CIRRUS LOGIC, INC. 217
CODAR OCEAN SENSORS ... 217
CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC 218
CYMBET CORPORATION . 219
CYRANO SCIENCES, INC. (A DIVISION OF SMITHS DETECTION) . 219
DOLOMITE MICROFLUIDICS . 220
DUST NETWORKS, INC ... 221
ELECTRONIC SENSOR TECHNOLOGY . 221
ENDEVCO ... 221
ENSCO 222
ENVIROMON.NET (A DIVISION OF NETMON) 222
EPCOS AG .. 223
ESI ENVIRONMENTAL SENSORS, INC. 223
FLUID COMPONENTS, INTL. . 224
FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. .. 224
GENEFLUIDICS 225
GILL INSTRUMENTS, LTD. . 225
HEWLETT-PACKARD ... 226
HONEYWELL SENSING AND CONTROL .. 226
INFICON . 227
INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES, INC. . 228
INFOTONICS TECHNOLOGY, INC. 228
INTEGRATED SENSING SYSTEMS 229
INTERNATIONAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGY.. 229
INTERSIL CORPORATION ... 230
IROBOT ... 230
KESTREL CORPORATION ... 231
KMG2 SENSORS CORPORATION ... 231
LANDAUER 232
LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION .. 232
LIQUID ROBOTICS, CALIFORNIA .. 232
LIQUID ROBOTICS, CALIFORNIA (CONTINUED) 233
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY . 234
LUMASENSE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 234
MATRIX SENSORS, INC. .. 234
MAXBOTIX, INC. ... 235
MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODUCTS, INC. ... 235
MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY, INC. .. 235
NEXSENS TECHNOLOGY, INC. .. 236
NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER .. 236
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY . 237
NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION .. 237
NEXTECH MATERIALS, LTD. . 237
NXP SEMICONDUCTORS N.V. 238
OCEAN SENSORS, INC. ... 238
OCEANA SENSOR TECHNOLOGY . 239
ONSET COMPUTER .. 240
OPTICAL SCIENTIFIC, INC. 241
ORGANIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATIONS . 241
PACIFIC CREST CORPORATION 241
PALL CORPORATION ... 242
PCB PIEZOTRONICS, INC. ... 242
POTOMAC PHOTONICS ... 243
PRECISION MEASUREMENT ENGINEERING, INC. ... 243
QUANTITECH, LTD. . 244
PACHUBE ... 244
RENAISSANCE COMPUTING INSTITUTE 245
RUPPRECHT AND PATASHNICK COMPANY, INC. . 246
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES ... 246
SATLANTIC, INC. .. 246
SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. .. 247
SENSIRION AG .. 247
SENSOR PRODUCTS, INC. .. 248
SENSORS, INC. .. 248
SENSORWARE SYSTEMS, INC. .. 249
SENTILLA .. 249
SIEMENS AG .. 250
SIERRA MONITOR CORPORATION ... 250
SIERRA SENSORS GMBH 251
SIONEX ... 252
STANFORD RESEARCH SYSTEMS, INC. ... 253
STMICROELECTRONICS . 253
TRANZEO WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES USA, INC. (A DIVISION
OF TRANZEO WIRELESS) TECHNOLOGIES, INC. . 254
TRONICS MICROSYSTEMS . 254
VAISALA, INC. ... 254
VTI TECHNOLOGIES 255
WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY COMPUTER SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT . 255
WORLDSENSING .. 256
XENSOR INTEGRATION BV 256
YSI, INC. . 257
ZIGBEE ALLIANCE ... 257
OTHER SENSOR INDUSTRY ORGANIZATIONS .. 257
CENTER FOR EMBEDDED NETWORKED SENSING ... 257
KOREA SENSOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATION 257
SENSOR HUB NET . 257
CHINA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
CENTER .. 257
CHINESE ASSOCIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION ADMINISTRATION INDUSTRY . 257