Chapter-1: SUMMARY
SUMMARY 4
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL SALES OF LIVER DISEASE TREATMENTS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 5
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL SALES OF LIVER DISEASE TREATMENTS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 6
Chapter-2: OVERVIEW
DEFINITIONS 7
THE LIVER 7
LIVER FUNCTIONS 7
Metabolism 7
Drug Disposition 8
Bile Formation 8
Other Functions 8
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF LIVER DISEASE 8
Jaundice 9
Cholestasis 9
Liver Enlargement 9
Ascites 9
Portal Hypertension 10
Liver Encephalopathy 10
Liver Failure 10
Other Common Symptoms 10
LIVER DISEASES 11
TABLE 1 TYPES OF LIVER DISEASES 11
VIRUS-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE 12
Acute Hepatitis 12
Hepatitis A 13
Hepatitis B 13
Hepatitis C 14
Hepatitis D 14
Chronic Hepatitis 15
Alcohol-induced Chronic Hepatitis 15
Chronic Active Hepatitis 15
Chronic Persistent Hepatitis 15
LIVER TUMORS 16
Benign Liver Tumors 16
Hepatocellular Adenoma 16
Hemangioma 17
Malignant Liver Tumors 18
Hepatocellular Carcinoma 18
Metastatic Liver Cancer 18
CONGENITAL LIVER DEFECTS 19
Biliary Atresia 19
Choledochal Cyst 19
AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISORDERS 20
Hemochromatosis 20
Wilson’s Disease 21
Autoimmune Hepatitis 22
ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE 22
Fatty Liver 23
Alcoholic Hepatitis 23
Alcoholic Cirrhosis 24
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 24
Cirrhosis 24
Fibrosis 25
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER 26
Chapter-3: REGULATORY ISSUES
TABLE 2 APPROVED DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2005–2008 27
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED) 28
TABLE 3 NUMBER OF NEW APPROVALS FOR DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2005–2008 28
FIGURE 1 NUMBER OF NEW APPROVALS FOR DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2005–2008 28
TABLE 4 NEW DRUG APPLICATIONS FOR DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2005–2008 29
TABLE 5 RECALLS OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2005–2008 29
Chapter-4: PREVELANCE
UNITED STATES 30
UNITED KINGDOM 31
REST OF THE WORLD 31
PREVELANCE OF A FEW LIVER DISEASES 31
HEPATITIS 31
United States 32
TABLE 6 HEPATITIS BURDEN IN THE UNITED STATES (2005–2006) 32
TABLE 7 INCIDENCE OF ACUTE HEPATITIS BY SEX AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES (2006) 33
CIRRHOSIS 33
LIVER CANCER OR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 33
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER 34
Chapter-5: CLASSIFICATION OF THERAPIES BY DISEASE
VIRUS-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE/HEPATITIS 35
VIRAL VACCINES 35
TABLE 8 VACCINES FOR HEPATITIS A PREVENTION 35
TABLE 9 VACCINES FOR HEPATITIS B PREVENTION 36
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS 36
Nucleoside Analogs 36
TABLE 10 NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS 37
Nucleotide Analogs 37
TABLE 11 NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS 37
TABLE 12 PROTEASE INHIBITORS USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS 38
INTERFERON 38
TABLE 13 INTERFERONS USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS 38
IMMUNE GLOBULINS 39
TABLE 14 IMMUNE GLOBULINS USED TO TREAT HEPATITIS 39
LIVER TUMORS/ LIVER CANCER 39
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS 40
TABLE 15 CHEMOTHERAPUTIC DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER CANCER 40
TARGETED THERAPY 41
TABLE 16 TARGETED THERAPY USED TO TREAT LIVER CANCER 41
CONGENITAL LIVER DEFECTS 41
AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISORDERS 41
TABLE 17 DRUGS USED TO TREAT WILSON’S DISEASE 42
CORTICOSTEROIDS 43
TABLE 18 CORTICOSTEROIDS USED TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS 43
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS 43
TABLE 19 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS USED TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS 43
ANTIMETABOLITES 43
TABLE 20 ANTI-METABOLITES USED TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS 43
ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE 44
ANABOLIC STEROIDS 44
TABLE 21 ANABOLIC STEROIDS USED TO TREAT ALCOHOLIC LIVER DAMAGE 44
ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS 44
TABLE 22 ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS USED TO TREAT ALCOHOLIC LIVER DAMAGE 44
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 44
ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION 45
TABLE 23 ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATIONS 45
ANTI-INFECTIVES 45
TABLE 24 ANTI-INFECTIVES 45
ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS 46
TABLE 25 ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS FOR LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS 46
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER 46
GALLSTONE SOLUBILIZING AGENTS 47
TABLE 26 GALLSTONE SOLUBILIZING AGENTS USED TO TREAT NON- ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 47
OTHER DRUGS 47
TABLE 27 OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 47
Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
HEPATITIS 48
HEPATITIS VACCINE 48
TABLE 28 HEPATITIS VACCINE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 48
FIGURE 2 HEPATITIS VACCINE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 49
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS 49
TABLE 29 NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 49
FIGURE 3 NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 50
NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS 50
TABLE 30 NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER: 2008 (%) 50
FIGURE 4 NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT HEPATITS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 51
INTERFERONS 51
TABLE 31 INTERFERONS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 51
FIGURE 5 INTERFERONS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 52
IMMUNE GLOBULINS 52
TABLE 32 IMMUNE GLOBULINS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 52
FIGURE 6 IMMUNE GLOBULINS TO TREAT HEPATITIS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 53
LIVER TUMORS 53
CHEMOTHERAPY 53
TABLE 33 CHEMOTHERAPY TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 53
FIGURE 7 CHEMOTHERAPY TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 54
TARGETED THERAPY 54
TABLE 34 TARGETED THERAPY TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 54
FIGURE 8 TARGETED THERAPY TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 55
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 55
CHELATING AGENTS 55
TABLE 35 CHELATING AGENTS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 55
FIGURE 9 CHELATING AGENTS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 56
CORTICOSTEROIDS 56
TABLE 36 CORTICOSTEROIDS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 56
FIGURE 10 CORTICOSTEROIDS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 57
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS 57
TABLE 37 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 57
FIGURE 11 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 58
ANTIMETABOLITES 58
TABLE 38 ANTIMETABOLITES TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 58
FIGURE 12 ANTIMETABOLITES TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 59
ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASES 59
ANABOLIC STEROIDS 59
TABLE 39 ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 59
FIGURE 13 ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 60
ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS 60
TABLE 40 ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 60
FIGURE 14 ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 61
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE 61
ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION 61
TABLE 41 ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 61
FIGURE 15 ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 62
ANTI-INFECTIVES 62
TABLE 42 ANTI-INFECTIVES TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 62
FIGURE 16 ANTI-INFECTIVES TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 63
ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS 63
TABLE 43 ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 63
FIGURE 17 ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 64
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 64
GALLSTONE STABILIZING AGENTS 64
TABLE 44 GALLSTONE STABILIZING AGENTS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 64
FIGURE 18 GALLSTONE STABILIZING AGENTS: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 65
OTHER DRUGS 65
TABLE 45 OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 65
FIGURE 19 OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE: MARKET SHARE BY MANUFACTURER, 2008 (%) 66
Chapter-7: DEMAND AND USE
LIFE EXPECTANCY 67
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE 67
LACK OF TREATMENT OPTIONS 67
INCREASING NUMBER OF PATIENTS 68
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 68
INITIATIVES OF VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS TO INCREASE AWARENESS 68
INITIATIVES OF VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS … (CONTINUED) 69
Chapter-8: MARKET ANALYSIS
TABLE 46 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY DISEASE TYPE, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 70
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY DISEASE TYPE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 71
HEPATITIS 71
MARKET SIZE 72
TABLE 47 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT HEPATITIS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 72
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT HEPATITIS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 73
MARKET OVERVIEW 73
Market Overview (Continued) 74
LIVER TUMORS 75
MARKET SIZE 75
TABLE 48 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 76
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER TUMORS, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 76
MARKET OVERVIEW 76
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 77
MARKET SIZE 78
TABLE 49 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 78
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 78
MARKET OVERVIEW 79
ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE 79
MARKET SIZE 80
TABLE 50 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 80
FIGURE 24 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASES, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 81
MARKET OVERVIEW 81
CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES 82
MARKET SIZE 82
TABLE 51 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 83
FIGURE 25 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 83
MARKET OVERVIEW 83
NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 84
MARKET SIZE 84
TABLE 52 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 85
FIGURE 26 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES, 2007-2094 ($ MILLIONS) 85
MARKET OVERVIEW 85
Market Overview (Continued) 86
Chapter-9: DRUG-INDUCED LIVER DISEASE
DRUG-INDUCED 87
DRUGS THAT CAN CAUSE LIVER DISEASE 88
ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) 88
STATINS 89
NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN) 89
AMIODARONE (CORDARONE) 89
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS 89
METHOTREXATE (RHEUMATREX, TREXALL) 90
ANTIBIOTICS 90
TACRINE (COGNEX) 91
DISULFIRAM 91
VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS 91
TABLE 53 DRUGS THAT CAN CAUSE LIVER DISEASE 91
TABLE 53 (CONTINUED) 92
Chapter-10: NEW DEVELOPMENTS
CLINICAL TRIALS 93
TABLE 54 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR HEPATITIS/ LIVER-INDUCED LIVER DISEASES 93
TABLE 55 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR LIVER TUMORS 94
TABLE 56 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR CONGENITAL LIVER DEFECTS 94
TABLE 57 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR AUTOIMMUNE LIVER DISORDERS 94
TABLE 58 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR ALCOHOL-INDUCED LIVER DISEASES 95
TABLE 59 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES 95
TABLE 60 NUMBER OF CLINICAL TRIALS FOR NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 95
NEW DEVELOPMENTS 96
NEW DEVELOPMENTS (CONTINUED) 97
STEM CELL RESEARCH 98
Chapter-11: MARKET BY DRUG TYPE
MARKET SIZE 99
TABLE 61 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 99
TABLE 61 (CONTINUED) 100
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL SALES OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 101
MARKET SHARE 102
TABLE 62 SHARE OF DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2008 102
FIGURE 28 SHARE OF DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, 2008 (%) 103
VACCINES 103
MARKET SIZE 104
TABLE 63 GLOBAL SALES OF HEPATITIS VACCINE,THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 104
FIGURE 29 GLOBAL SALES OF HEPATITIS VACCINE, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 104
ANTIVIRALS 105
MARKET SIZE 105
TABLE 64 GLOBAL SALES OF NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 105
FIGURE 30 GLOBAL SALES OF NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 106
TABLE 65 GLOBAL SALES OF NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 106
FIGURE 31 GLOBAL SALES OF NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 107
INTERFERONS 107
MARKET SIZE 107
TABLE 66 GLOBAL SALES OF INTERFERONS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 108
FIGURE 32 GLOBAL SALES OF INTERFERONS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 108
IMMUNE GLOBULINS 108
MARKET SIZE 109
TABLE 67 GLOBAL SALES OF IMMUNE GLOBULINS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 109
FIGURE 33 GLOBAL SALES OF IMMUNE GLOBULINS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 109
CHEMOTHERAPY 110
MARKET SIZE 110
TABLE 68 GLOBAL SALES OF CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 110
FIGURE 34 GLOBAL SALES OF CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 111
TARGETED THERAPY 111
MARKET SIZE 111
TABLE 69 GLOBAL SALES OF TARGETED THERAPY TO TREAT LIVER CANCER, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 112
FIGURE 35 GLOBAL SALES OF TARGETED THERAPY TO TREAT LIVER CANCER, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 112
CHELATING AGENTS 112
MARKET SIZE 113
TABLE 70 GLOBAL SALES OF CHELATING AGENTS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 113
FIGURE 36 GLOBAL SALES OF CHELATING AGENTS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 113
CORTICOSTEROIDS 114
MARKET SIZE 114
TABLE 71 GLOBAL SALES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 114
FIGURE 37 GLOBAL SALES OF CORTICOSTEROIDS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 115
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS 115
MARKET SIZE 115
TABLE 72 GLOBAL SALES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 116
FIGURE 38 GLOBAL SALES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 116
ANTIMETABOLITES 116
MARKET SIZE 117
TABLE 73 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTIMETABOLITES TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 117
FIGURE 39 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTIMETABOLITES TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 117
ANABOLIC STEROIDS 118
MARKET SIZE 118
TABLE 74 GLOBAL SALES OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 118
FIGURE 40 GLOBAL SALES OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 119
ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS 119
MARKET SIZE 119
TABLE 75 GLOBAL SALES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 120
FIGURE 41 GLOBAL SALES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE DRUGS, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 120
ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION 120
MARKET SIZE 121
TABLE 76 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 121
FIGURE 42 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTI-REJECTION MEDICATION TO TREAT LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 121
INFECTION-FIGHTING DRUGS 122
MARKET SIZE 122
TABLE 77 GLOBAL SALES OF INFECTION-FIGHTING DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER TRANSPLANT PATIENTS, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 122
FIGURE 43 GLOBAL SALES OF INFECTION-FIGHTING DRUGS TO TREAT LIVER TRANSPLANT PATIENTS, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 123
ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS 123
MARKET SIZE 123
TABLE 78 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS IN LIVER TRANSPLANTS, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 124
FIGURE 44 GLOBAL SALES OF ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS IN LIVER TRANSPLANTS, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 124
GALLSTONE SOLUBILIZING AGENTS 124
MARKET SIZE 125
TABLE 79 GLOBAL SALES OF GALLSTONE SOLUBILIZING AGENTS, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 125
FIGURE 45 GLOBAL SALES OF GALLSTONE SOLUBILIZING AGENTS, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 125
OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES 126
MARKET SIZE 126
TABLE 80 GLOBAL SALES OF OTHER DRUGS USED TO TREAT NON- ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 126
FIGURE 46 GLOBAL SALES OF OTHER DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF NON- ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASES, BY REGION, 2007-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 127
Chapter-12: PATENT ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 13: PATENT ANALYSIS 128
PATENTS BY YEAR 128
TABLE 81 TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS EACH YEAR, 2005–2009 129
FIGURE 47 TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS EACH YEAR, 2005–2009 129
PATENTS BY TYPE 129
TABLE 82 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY TYPE, 2005–2009 130
FIGURE 48 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY TYPE, 2005–2009 130
FIGURE 49 PATENTS, SHARE BY TYPE, 2005–2009 (%) 131
PATENTS BY COUNTRY 131
TABLE 83 TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS BY COUNTRY, 2005–2009 132
FIGURE 50 TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS BY COUNTRY, 2005–2009 132
PATENTS BY COMPANY 133
TABLE 84 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY COMPANY, 2005–2009 133
FIGURE 51 TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS BY COMPANY, 2005–2009 134
PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE 134
TABLE 85 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASIGNEE, 2005–2009 135
FIGURE 52 NUMBER OF PATENTS BY ASSIGNEE, 2005–2009 135
Chapter-13: COMPANY PROFILES
ABBOTT LABORATORIES 136
ACTAVIS U.S. 136
ALKERMES, INC 137
ALNYLAM PHARMACEUTICALS 137
BARR PHARMACEUTICALS 138
BAYER SCHERING PHARMA AG 138
BIOTEST PHARMACEUTICALS CORPORATION 138
BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB 139
CANGENE CORPORATION 140
DEBIOPHARM GROUP 140
ELI LILLY & COMPANY 141
GALMED MEDICAL RESEARCH, LTD. 142
GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. 142
GLAXOSMITHKLINE PLC 143
HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES 143
IDENIX PHARMACEUTICALS INC. 144
KINEMED, INC. 144
MALLINCKRODT 145
MEDA PHARMACEUTICALS 145
MERCK & CO. 146
NOVARTIS AG 146
PAR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES, INC. 147
ROCHE 147
ROXANE LABORATORIES, INC. 148
SANOFI AVENTIS 148
SAVIENT PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 148
SCHERING-PLOUGH 149
SCYNEXIS 150
TEVA PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LTD. 150
THREE RIVERS PHARMACEUTICALS 151
VALEANT PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL 152
WATSON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 153
WYETH INC. 153
ZYDUS PHARMACEUTICALS INC. 154
ZYMOGENETICS 154
APPENDIX 155
ABBREVIATIONS 155
