Although ultracapacitors have been around since the 1960s, they are relatively expensive and only recently have begun to be manufactured in sufficient quantities to become cost competitive. Today ultracapacitors can be found in a range of electronic devices, from computers to cars.
An ultracapacitor (supercapacitor or electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC)) stores more power than a battery and more energy than a capacitor. For this reason, it brings significant benefits in both “peak-assist” and “power-assist” applications.
Traditional symmetric supercapacitors with two identical electrodes work by storing energy electrostatically, by polarizing an electrolyte solution at the electrode surface. Most advanced ultracapacitors today use two carbon electrodes with an organic electrolyte. This creates a problem for designers, since the energy that carbon-carbon electrodes are able to store effectively is limited, and the electrolyte is both expensive and potentially hazardous. The next generation of supercapacitors (asymmetric or hybrid supercapacitors) substitutes one of the carbon electrodes for a “redox” electrode similar to those used in batteries. The use of a battery-like electrode, in combination with a carbon electrode, increases the energy density considerably, although the power density decreases.
The terms, “supercapacitor,” ”ultracapacitor,” and ”electrochemical double layer capacitor,” have been used indiscriminately in literature in reference to high capacitance devices. It is generally recognized that these terms are interchangeable depending on the manufacturer. Throughout the rest of this report, the term “ultracapacitor” will generally be adopted, for the sole purpose of keeping with consistency.
study goal and objectives
This study focuses on key ultracapacitor products and provides data about the size and growth of the ultracapacitor markets, as well as company profiles and industry trends. The goal of this report is to provide a detailed and comprehensive multi-client study of the markets for ultracapacitors in North America, Europe, Japan, China, Korea and the rest of the world (ROW), as well as potential business opportunities in the future. The objectives include thorough coverage of underlying economic issues driving the ultracapacitor business, as well as assessments of new, advanced ultracapacitors that companies are developing. Also covered are legislative pressures for increased safety and environmental protection, as well as users’ expectations for economical ultracapacitors. Another important objective is to provide realistic market data and forecasts for ultracapacitors. This study provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be found anywhere on the subject. The study also provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of worldwide market development in ultracapacitors. This, in turn, contributes to a determination of what kind of strategic response companies may adopt in order to compete in these dynamic markets.
Ultracapacitor users in developed markets must contend with twin pressures: to innovate and, at the same time, to reduce costs. New applications for ultracapacitors have been proposed in recent years. The popularity of these devices is due to their long cycle life and high power density relative to batteries. In principle, ultracapacitors exhibit unlimited cycle life and maintenance-free operation as an alternative to batteries in power circuits. A new, promising application for ultracapacitors is a pulse-power source in fuel cell and hybrid vehicle applications. The pulse-power source provides the peak power during acceleration and stores regenerative energy during braking.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
The ultracapacitor market is an attractive and still growing multi-million dollar market characterized by very high production volumes of ultracapacitors that must be both extremely reliable and low in cost. Growth in the ultracapacitor market continues to be driven by increasing demands in fuel-cell and hybrid-vehicle applications, for industrial systems and consumer electronics. Existing products will continue to find new applications, and new products will emerge to improve functionality.
The ultracapacitor industry is complex and fast-moving, with manufacturers increasingly adopting a truly global view of the market. Around the world, consumers are demanding a high power density as well as extremely long cycle life. The energy density of ultracapacitors is small compared with that of batteries. Against this difficult background, manufacturers have attempted to achieve growth through company mergers and acquisitions, and by implementing global strategies.
Ultracapacitors, once a technological novelty, are now mainstream and are showing significant sales volumes. As prices of ultracapacitors drop, better commercial viability and growing dissatisfaction with existing energy-storage solutions are expected to steer customers toward this emerging technology. Mobile applications are a strong area of growth for ultracapacitors, as continuous product enhancements and value-added features such as on-line gaming and Wi-Fi accessibility necessarily require more power. Demand from the industrial sector is also expected to increase. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and DC power systems are looking at incorporating ultracapacitors as the primary energy-storage solution to boost power reliability.
iRAP conducted a study on ultrascapacitors in 2006. Since then, more new-generation electric and hybrid vehicles have been coming into the market. Therefore, iRAP felt a need for another detailed study in order to better understand both the technology and market dynamics. The report identifies and evaluates automotive electric product markets and technologies with significant potential growth.
Contributions of the study
This study provides the most complete accounting of growth in the ultracapacitor market in North America, Europe, Japan, China and the rest of the world currently available in a multi-client format. It provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be found anywhere on the subject. The study also provides extensive quantification of the many important facets of market developments in emerging markets for stationary, industrial, consumer and transport energy storage. The study has also included new usage of ultracapacitors in automatic power metering, energy harvesting devices for wireless networking, and hard disk drives of notebooks. This quantification, in turn, contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic response suppliers may adopt in order to compete in these dynamic markets. Audiences for this study include marketing executives, business unit managers and other decision makers in ultracapacitor companies as well as in companies peripheral to this business.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
The market data contained in this report quantify opportunities for ultracapacitors. In addition to product types, this report also covers the many issues concerning the merits and future prospects of the ultracapacitor business, including corporate strategies, information technologies, and the means for providing these highly advanced product and service offerings.
The supply chain is of keen interest, focusing on the use of carbon cloth and powder, the need for higher voltages per cell, automation, and lower raw materials prices. The industry has set price targets of $0.01 to $ 0.005 per farad by 2010.
This report also covers in detail the economic and technological issues regarded by many as critical to the industry’s current state of change. It provides a review of the ultracapacitor industry and its structure, and of the many companies involved in providing these products. The competitive positions of the main players in the ultracapacitor market and the strategic options they face are also discussed, along with such competitive factors as marketing, distribution and operations.
TO WHOM THE STUDY CATERS
This study addresses the global market for electric double layer carbon (EDLC) supercapacitors, which uniquely combine the characteristics of extremely high capacitance (in the farad range) in low voltage cells (1.2 to 2.5 Vdc in large quantities).
The study looks at this fledging market – the players, the technical challenges, and technical threats, the activated carbon supply chain, and the end markets in which these devices are consumed. including stationary, industrial, consumer and transport energy storage. It further focuses on coin cells and large can supercapacitors and the rapid growth of large can designs in variable speed drives, and heavy trucks and buses.
Therefore, this study will benefit existing manufacturers of capacitors who seek to expand revenues and market opportunities by expanding to new technology such as ultracapacitors, which are positioned to become a preferred solution for some of the energy storage and power delivery applications. Also, this study will benefit users of ultracapacitors who deal with new power-hungry electronic products such as wireless communications devices, the increasing use of electric power in vehicles, and the growing demand for highly reliable, maintenance-free backup power. These demands are creating significant markets for new and improved energy storage and power delivery solutions. For example, sizing the primary power source to meet transient peak power requirements, rather than average power requirements, is costly and inefficient. Primary energy sources can be designed to be smaller, lighter and less costly if they are coupled with specialized power components, such as ultracapacitors, that can deliver or absorb brief bursts of high power on demand for periods of time ranging from fractions of a second to several minutes.
REPORT SUMMARY
Ultracapacitors and electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) fill an important and otherwise vacant niche in the current set of energy storage devices, bridging the gap between batteries and conventional capacitors. They offer greater energy densities than electrostatic capacitors, making them a better choice for back-up applications. They also possess higher power densities than batteries, allowing them to perform a role in load-leveling of pulsed currents. They can help to improve battery performance when combined in hybrid power sources, or they can provide an efficient and long-lasting means of energy storage when used on their own.
However, the technology does have limitations, and applications requiring a long duration of discharge are probably better suited to batteries. If power requirements are found to be at the border of a battery’s capabilities, a hybrid EDLC/battery configuration may be an optimal solution. Advantage can then be gained from both the power density of the EDLC and the energy storage of the battery. This would seem to be the case in electric vehicles, which require power for acceleration in short bursts. The fast response time of EDLCs also makes them suitable for power-quality applications such as static condensers (STATCONs) and digital video recorders (DVRs). Power can quickly be injected or absorbed to help minimize voltage fluctuations in distribution systems.
The greatest barrier to the widespread use of EDLCs is cost, with only a few manufacturers producing devices by automation. Long-established battery technology is often the cheaper alternative, despite the reduced lifetime costs of double-layer capacitor banks. The technology is still in its infancy, however, and it will no doubt become a more competitive energy storage solution in the future.
Ultracapacitors have to be able to stand up to tough environments. Dirt, humidity, salt, fuel additives, vibrations and severe shocks call for the highest standards. Furthermore, ultracapacitors must be able to endure in temperatures ranging from -40°C to +160°C without significant deviation in accuracy over the entire lifetime of a vehicle, standby equipment, or device.
The GSM phone will require a 200Hz response time to improve the transmit burst in a digital phone system. In these devices, high power is more important than energy density. Therefore, to get the desired frequency response, ultracapacitors will use aqueous electrolytes that provide much lower resistance. To attain these frequencies, carbon electrodes need to be thin, with large pores for rapid ion transport through the material.
By far the highest value target for ultracapacitor technology is the global automobile industry for the 50 to 60 million passenger vehicles that roll off assembly lines around the world each year.
Major findings of this report are:
Ultracapacitor market growth will continue during 2009 to 2014. Worldwide business, over US$275 million in 2009, will continue to grow at an AAGR of 21.4% through 2014.
There are four major markets where ultracapacitors are needed – stationary, industrial, consumer and transport energy storage power management. Each has its own specific requirements.
The transport energy storage market aims to use ultracapacitors as load-leveling devices with batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles. Automotive applications range from hybrid drive trains to power network stabilization to the "electrification" of braking, steering, air conditioning and other subsystems to improve the fuel efficiency and reliability. From 2009 to 2014, transport energy applications, which are mostly automotive applications, will show the highest growth rate.
The stationary energy storage market needs ultracapacitors for short duration applications of energy storage, which are characterized by the need for high power for short periods of time. These include power quality ride-through applications, power stabilization, adjustable speed drive support, temporary support of DR (distributed resources) during load steps, voltage flicker mitigation and many other applications.
Industrial applications need ultracapacitors to improve power quality, specifically using ultracapacitors to handle power surges and short-term power loss.
The consumer electronics and computer market needs small high frequency devices in order to reduce battery size. Typical applications are pagers, personal data assistance devices and cell phones.
Global Energy Industry
INTRODUCTION i
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES i
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY ii
Contributions of the study iii
SCOPE AND FORMAT iii
METHODOLOGy iv
information sources iv
WHOM THE STUDY CATERS to v
Author’s Credentials v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii
SUMMARY TABLE Global market FOR ultracapacitors by application, 2009 and 2014 ($ millions) ix
SUMMARY FIGURE ILLUSTRATION OF Global market FOR ultracapacitors, by application, 2009 and 2014 ($ millions) ix
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 1
Industry overview (continued) 2
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRACAPACITORS 3
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRACAPACITORS (continued) 4
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRACAPACITORS (continued) 5
DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRACAPACITORS (continued) 6
Types and Applications 7
Types and Applications (continued) 8
Table 1 applications and POtential ENERGY/POWER functions of ultracapacitors 9
Table 2 broad application areas and RATINGS OF ultracapacitors 10
market domain 10
TABLE 3 applications of ultracapacitors by market domain 11
Stationary Energy Storage 12
Stationary Substation Battery Replacement 12
Stationary Substation Battery Replacement (Continued) 13
Substation Battery Replacement For Long Duration Outages 14
Mitigating Electric Service Voltage Fluctuations Produced by Pulsing Customer Loads 14
Distributed Generation 15
Wind Energy Storage 15
Pitch Systems of Windmills 15
Solar Power 16
Industrial Energy Storage 16
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 17
OEM Equipment 17
OEM Equipment Retrofits 17
Telecommunications 18
Electric Fork Trucks 19
table 4 battery cost v/s ultracapacitor cost comparison in class-1 lift truck 20
Rubber-Tire Gantry Cranes 20
figure 1 application of ultracapacitors-explanation of typical load cycle of rubber-tired gantry crane 21
Consumer Electronics Energy Storage 21
Consumer Electronics Energy Storage (continued) 22
Consumer Electronics Energy Storage (Continued) 23
Computer Solid State Drives (SSDs) 24
Mobile Phone Camera Flash and Power Management 24
Mobile Phone Camera Flash and Power Management (continued) 25
Automotive Meter Reading 26
Other Consumer Applications 26
Toys 26
Home Appliances (Small UPS) 27
Backup Power 27
Office Equipment 27
Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networking (WSN) 28
Case Study 29
Case Study (continued) 30
figure 2 application of ultracapacitors in vibraTionAL energy harvesting wireless sensors network module 31
Transport Energy Storage 31
Distributed Power 32
Power Actuators 33
Market Segments 34
Storage of Regenerated Braking Energy in HEVs, PHEVs and EVs 34
Auto Engine Cranking (Cold Cranking of Diesel Engines 35
Power Backup for Electromechanical Brakes of Hybrid Passenger Cars 36
Capture of Regenerated Braking Energy in Heavy Duty Trucks, Transit Buses and Delivery Vans 36
Capture of Regenerated Braking (continued) 37
Capture of Regenerated Braking Energy in Electric Trains/Trams 38
Boardnet Stabilization, 42V Distributed Power Modules in High-End Cars 38
Distributed Power Application – Power Steering 39
Power-Steering Profile 40
Other Possible Automotive Uses of Ultracapacitors 40
Integrated Starting Alternators 40
Integration with Fuel Cells 41
Integration with Battery-Hybrid Battery/Ultracapacitor Combination 41
figure 3 functioning of an ultracapacitor used with a battery 42
Integration with Battery-Hybrid Battery/Ultracapacitor Combination (continued) 43
Figure 4 functioning of an ultracapacitor, battery and buck-boost converter in regenerating braking energy in transport systems 44
Integration with Battery-Hybrid Battery/Ultracapacitor Combination (continued) 45
table 5 target performance specifications of ultracapacitors – doe guidelines 46
figure 5 illustration of ultracapacitors used in a 42v system to meet specifications in passenger cars 47
lithium batteries as an alternative to ultracapacitors – COST and BUSINESS ISSUES 48
Cost Issue 48
Cost of Materials 48
table 6 price structure of large-format ultracapacitors 49
Cost Comparison 50
CHALLENGE FROM Lithium-Ion Batteries 51
Table 7 COMPARISON OF ULTRACAPACITORS WITH LI-ION BATTERIES 52
MARKET size and share 53
TABLE 8 SUMMARY OF GLOBAL MARKET SIZE and PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by APPLICATION, 2009 AND 2014 54
figure 6 summary of Global market FOR ultracapacitors by application, 2009 and 2014 55
STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE 56
table 9 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors, by category of stationary applications 56
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY STORAGE 56
table 10 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors, by category of indutrial energy storage applications 57
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS ENERGY STORAGE 58
table 11 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors, by category of application in consumer electronics 58
TRANSPORT ENERGY STORAGE 58
table 12 Global Market Size/Percentage Share for Ultracapacitors, by Category of Application in Transport Energy Storage, 2009 and 2014 ($ Millions) 59
Key Points in Transport Energy Storage 60
Areas for Potential Growth in Transport Energy Storage 60
Hybrid Transit Buses, Postal Vans, Urban Shuttles and Delivery Vans 60
Hybrid Cars 61
MARKET SIZE BY REGION 62
TABLE 13 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by region, 2009 AND 2014 63
figure 7 REGIONAL PERCENTages of MARKET SHARE for ULTRACAPACITORS, 2009 AND 2014 64
MARKET SIZE BY ULTRACAPACITOR FORM FACTOR 65
table 14 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by size, 2009 AND 2014 65
figure 8 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by size, 2009 AND 2014 66
MARKET SIZE BY TECHNOLOGY 67
table 15 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by technology, 2009 AND 2014 68
figure 9 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ultracapacitors by technology, 2009 AND 2014 69
ULTRACAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES AND PRODUCTS 70
Definitions 70
Definitions (continued) 71
Definitions (continued) 72
BASIC ASPECTS OF ULTRACAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY 73
BASIC ASPECTS OF ULTRACAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY (continued) 74
BASIC ASPECTS OF ULTRACAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY (continued) 75
Ultracapacitors vs. Lithium-Ion Batteries 76
ULTRAcapacitors vs. capacitors 76
TABLE 16 COMPARISON OF ultracapacitor and battery characteristics 77
operation of a typical SYMMETRIC EDLC (pure EDLC using aqueous Electric Double-Layer Capacitor) 78
current Materials for ULTRAcapacitors 78
current Materials for ULTRAcapacitors (continued) 79
TABLE 17 current materials used in EDLCs by technology, 2009 80
TABLE 17 current materials used in EDLCs by technology, 2009 (continued) 81
TABLE 17 current materials used in EDLCs by technology, 2009 (continued) 82
TABLE 17 current materials used in EDLCs by technology, 2009 (continued) 83
TABLE 17 current materials used in EDLCs by technology, 2009 (continued) 84
Emerging Materials: Carbon Nanotube Ultracapacitors 84
Emerging Materials: Carbon Nanotube Ultracapacitors (Continued) 85
TABLE 18 emerging materials used in EDLCs 86
SIZING of Ultracapacitors 86
figure 10 internal construction of cylindrical ultracapacitor single cells 87
figure 11 electrodes, separators and electrolytes interaction in A cylindrical ultracapacitor 88
Sizing According to Power 88
Format 2-Low Voltage (Less than 10V) 88
figure 12 different form factors of commercial ultracapacitors 89
Format 3-High Voltage (More than 10V) 89
Format 4 90
Sizing According to Shapes 90
Compact Type 90
TAbLE 19 tYPICAL SIZES OF COMPACT ULTRACAPACITOR CELLS 91
Coin Type 91
TABLE 20 tYPICAL SIZES OF COIN ULTRACAPACITOR CELLS 91
Large-Size Module 92
Ultracapacitors in series 92
Format 1 – Large Format Bank 92
figure 13 ultracapacitor cells in series to form a module 93
Modular Configurations 94
TABLE 21 tYPICAL SIZES OF LARGE-SIZE MODULES OF ULTRACAPACITOR CELLS 95
Qualifications and standards for UltraCapacitors 95
Qualifications & standards for UltraCapacitors (continued) 96
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 97
Table 22 ultracapacitor Product Line Reference, 2009 98
Table 22 ultracapacitor Product Line Reference, 2009 (continued) 99
Table 23 ultracapacitors-RELATED parts suppliers, manufacturers, system integrators Product Line Reference 100
Table 23 ultracapacitors-RELATED parts suppliers, manufacturers, system integrators Product Line Reference (continued) 101
Table 23 ultracapacitors-RELATED parts suppliers, manufacturers, system integrators Product Line Reference (continued) 102
RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIERS 102
Market Dynamics 103
Competition and Market Trends 104
Alliances 105
TABLE 24 acquisitionS and mergers of companies manufacturing ultracapacitors, 2004 to april 2009 106
Ranking of Market Players 107
TABLE 25 top manufacturers of ultracapacitors for transport energy storage in 2009 107
Patents and Patent Analysis 108
List of patents 108
US PATENTS 108
Power Supply 108
Wet Electrolytic Capacitor 109
Electrode for electric double-layer capacitors manufacturing method, electric double-layer capacitor and conductive Adhesive 109
Current Collector for an Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 109
Electrode and Current Collector for Electrochemical Capacitor 110
Wet Electrolytic Capacitors 110
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electrolytic Solution Therefor 111
Method of Making, Apparatus, and Article of Manufacturing for an Electrode Termination Contact Interface 111
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, Control Method Thereof, and Energy Storage System Using the Same 112
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC), Electric Energy Storage Device including the Same, and Production Method for EDLC 112
Method for Selecting Electrolytic Solution for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 113
Electrolytic Solution for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 113
Process of Producing Activated Carbon for Electrode of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 113
Method of Making a Multi-Electrode Double-Layer Capacitor Having Hermetic Electrolyte Sseal 114
Double-Layer Capacitor 114
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Utilizing a Multi-layer Electrode Structure and Method for Manufacturing the Same 115
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, its Manufacturing Method, and Electronic Device Using Same 115
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electrolytic Solution Therefor 115
Energy Storage System 116
Densification of Compressible Layers During Electrode Lamination 116
Charge Storage Device 117
Composition for Polyelectrolytes, EDLC and Nonaqueous Electrolyte Secondary Cells 117
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 118
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 118
Pretreated Porous Electrode 119
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 119
Electrolyte for an Energy Storage Device 120
High-Power Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Ppack and Method of Use 120
Rapid Charger for Ultracapacitors 120
Capacitor with Battery Form Factor Housing 121
Method of Making Polarizable Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 121
Ionic Liquids, Electrolyte Salts for Storage Device, Electrolytic Solution for Storage Device, EDLC and Secondary Battery 122
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 122
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 122
Low-Profile Electrolytic Capacitor Assembly 123
Carbon Material and Method of Making Same 123
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 124
Carbon Material for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Electrodes 124
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electrolytic Cell 125
Production Method for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 125
Enhanced Breakdown Voltage Electrode 125
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electrolyte Solution Therefor 126
Method for Preparing Composite Flexible Graphite Material 126
Electrode Design 127
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 127
Method for Producing Activated Carbon for Electrode of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 127
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 128
Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 128
Composite Electrode and Current Collectors and Processes for Making the Same 129
Thermal Interconnection for Capacitor Systems 129
Battery Pack 129
Electric Double-Layer Ccapacitor 130
Capacitor Startup Apparatus and Method with Fail-Safe Short Circuit Protection 130
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 131
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 131
Roll Container with Presser Plates 131
Ionic Liquid, Method of Dehydration, Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor, and Secondary Battery 132
Granules for Formation of an Electrode of an EDLC, Manufacturing Method, Electrode Sheet, Polarized Electrode, and EDLC Using a Polarized Electrode 132
System and Method for Precharging and Discharging a High-Power Ultracapacitor Pack 133
High-Power Ultracapacitor Energy Storage Pack and Method of Use 133
Polarizing Electrode for EDLC 134
Nonaqueous Electrolyte, EDLC and Nonaqueous Electrolyte Secondary Cells 134
Pretreated Porous Electrode and Method for Manufacturing Same 134
Method of Removing Residual Active Oxy-Hydrogens 135
Multi-Electrode Double-Layer Capacitor Having Hermetic Electrolyte Seal 135
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 136
Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, and Slurry for Forming the Same 136
Process for Production of Electrode for EDLC 136
EDLC with Improved Activated Carbon Electrodes 137
Activated Carbon for Use in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 137
Composite Electrode and Method for Fabricating Same 137
Method of Making a Multi-Electrode Double-Layer Capacitor Having Hermetic Electrolyte Seal 138
Polymer Gel Electrolyte, Secondary Cell, and Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor 138
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 139
Carbonized Product Used for Production of Activated Carbon for Electrode of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 139
Proton-Conducting Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Using Electrolytic Solution 139
EDLC, Electrolyte Battery and Method for Manufacturing the Same 140
Method of Making Sheet Electrode for EDLC and Roller Rolling Machine Suitable for Use Therein 140
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 141
Process for Producing Carbonized Product Used for Producing Activated Carbon for Electrode of EDLC, and Organic Material for Carbonized Product 141
Polarizing Electrode for EDLC 141
Supercapacitor Having Electrode Material Comprising Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Process for Making the Same 142
Polarizable Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, Process for Producing the Polarizable Electrode and Process for Producing the Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 142
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Electrolyte Battery 143
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, Electrolytic Cell and Process for Fabricating Same 143
Polarizable Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Methods for Producing Polarizable Electrode and Capacitor 144
Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 144
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 145
Manufacturing Method of Polarizing Property Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, and Manufacturing Method of Electrode Sheet for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor 145
Polarizable Electrode for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor and Methods for Producing Polarizable Electrode and Capacitor 146
Metal Collector Foil for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor, and EDLC Using the Same 146
Electrochemical Device Comprising a Pair of Electrodes and an Electrolyte 146
PATENT ANALYSIS 147
Table 26 number OF us PATENTS GRANTED to companies in the ultracapacitor (edLc) design category From 2005 through January 2009 148
FIGURE 14 number OF us PATENTS GRANTED to top companies in the ultracapacitor (edLc) design category From 2005 through JANuary 2009 149
International overview of u.s. PATENT Activity in ultracapacitors 149
table 27 number OF us PATENTS GRANTED for ultracapacitors by assigned country/REGION from January 2005 through jANuary 2009 150
International overview of u.s. PATENT Activity in ultracapacitors 151
COMPANY PROFILES 152
Advanced Capacitor Technologies (ACT JAPAN) 152
ADA Technologies, Inc 152
Anglia Components 153
ApowerCap Technologies (APCT) 153
Arrow Electronics (uk), Ltd. 153
ASC Capacitors 154
Axion Power 154
Batscap 155
CAP-XX Pty Ltd 155
elit co. 156
ELNA CO., LTD. 156
ESMA 157
EVANS CAPACITOR Company 157
Fuji Heavy Industries 157
Go nano 158
Hitachi AIC 158
IOXUS, INC. 159
JM Energy Corp. 159
KANTHAL GLOBAR 160
Kilofarad International 160
KOLD BAN international 160
LS Mtron Ltd. 161
MAXWELL TECHNOLOGIES 161
MIT LAB FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS (LEES) 161
MEIDENSHA CORPORATION 162
NANOTECTURE LTD. 162
NESSCAP CO., LTD. 163
NISSHINBO INDUSTRIES, INC. 163
NUINTEK 164
PANASONIC EV ENERGY CO., LTD. 164
Power Systems Co., Ltd. 165
Rubycon Japan 165
Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Co. LTD. 166
SHIZUKI 166
SINAUTEC AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGIES LLC (AUTHOR, FIX THIS.) 166
Smart Storage Pty Ltd 167
Tartu Technogiad OU 167
TAVRIMA CANADA 168
Tecate Group 168
TECHINVEST 169
UBE INDUSTRIES 169
UltraCap Technologies Corp. 170
UNITED CHEMI-CON 170
Vinatech Korea 171
WIMA 171
