Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

• Publication date: April 2011

This is the first and only report to analyse all forms of electric flying vehicle from robot insects to new solar airships, light aircraft and airliners and give timelines to 2021. It covers manned and unmanned aircraft, technology, funding, standards and other aspects for hybrid and pure electric versions across the world. Unusually, we compare what is happening in aviation with progress in land and water based electric vehicles that are in some...

This is the first and only report to analyse all forms of electric flying vehicle from robot insects to new solar airships, light aircraft and airliners and give timelines to 2021. It covers manned and unmanned aircraft, technology, funding, standards and other aspects for hybrid and pure electric versions across the world. Unusually, we compare what is happening in aviation with progress in land and water based electric vehicles that are in some ways further progressed yet use similar components and powertrains to achieve largely similar objectives.

Aircraft design will never be the same again after the pressure to save the planet, reduce local noise, air and land pollution, reduce dependency on foreign oil and large areas of land for operations and to modernise industry or see it collapse. Belatedly, leaded fuel is being banned for aviation and considerable financial support is now available for the creation of new types of electric aircraft.

In this report we look at the considerable choices of component, system and structure for pure and hybrid electric aircraft, the huge number of projects and the few commercial successes. We examine what will happen over the next ten years. Unusually, we view all this in the light of what is being achieved in electric vehicles for land and water. What is the best selling electric aeroplane and what is the biggest development contract landed for electric aircraft? Why are microturbine range extenders so interesting and will there be a big retrofit market for electric drives in light aircraft? Where are fuel cells for aircraft headed and which types of traction battery are favoured and why? How do smart skin and multiple energy harvesting fit in? Which are the organisations to watch? It is all here.

This report is essential reading for chief executives, sales and marketing and business planning vice presidents and those in government, finical institution, consultants etc to understand electric aircraft and where they are headed. It has no equations, and covers the basics of battery, motor, supercapacitor, supercabattery, flexible solar cell, fuel cell and other components, so the non technical reader can learn a great deal. However, it progresses to compare such things as hybrid powertrain options for aircraft, preferred batteries to power aircraft, battery cathode, anode and cell geometry, flexible printed photovoltaics chemistries for aviation and who is winning in electric aircraft and why - flight trials, development contracts, launch dates. The trend toward bigger batteries and various types of range extender is explained and the options appraised.

With the next generation of electric aircraft being designed from the ground up rather than shoehorned into existing airframes, we explain what will be possible with printed electronics including new components such as flexible, lightweight solar cells and new airframes and missions. Flying motorcycles, planes that dive to become submarines, huge solar powered radar airships through to retrofitting a Cessna are considered, with funding from a few thousand dollars to 530 million dollars on one project. Throughout, we benchmark best practice with land and water EVs, price premium and pay back elements with many comparison charts and
FIGURES.

Global Clean Vehicle Industry

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Electric vehicle business by value
2.2. The car manufacturers' dilemma
2.2.1. Charging off-road land vehicles is usually easy
2.2.2. On road vehicles are troublesome
2.2.3. Many organisations interested
2.3. Potential setbacks and uncertainty
2.4. Some certainties
2.5. How many charging points are needed?
2.6. Will there be enough charging points?
2.6.1. Flexibility
2.6.2. Part of a coordinated effort
2.7. Can the grid cope?
3. STANDARDS
3.1. Global standards setting in this field
3.1.1. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
3.1.2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
3.1.3. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)
3.1.4. Japan
3.1.5. Level 1,2,3
3.2. China
3.3. Europe
3.4. Technical differences between countries
3.5. International strategies
3.5.1. Japan
3.5.2. Korea
3.5.3. North America
4. BATTERY SWAPPING
4.1. Fastest form of recharging
4.2. Battery swapping trials - China, Denmark, Israel, Japan, South Korea
4.3. Battery swapping alternatives
5. ENERGY HARVESTING AND WIRELESS CHARGING
5.1. Energy harvesting
5.1.1. Solar powered charging stations
5.1.2. Alpha Energy USA
5.1.3. Beautiful Earth USA
5.1.4. Envision Solar International USA
5.1.5. E-Move Denmark
5.1.6. EVFuture India
5.1.7. Sanyo Japan
5.1.8. Solar Bullet train
5.1.9. Solar Unity Company USA
5.1.10. SunPods USA
5.1.11. Toyota Japan
5.1.12. Innowattech Israel
5.2. Wireless charging
5.2.1. Conductix-Wampfler
5.2.2. Korea Advanced Institute of Technology
5.2.3. Delphi and WiTricity USA
5.2.4. Evatran USA
5.2.5. HaloIPT New Zealand
5.2.6. Nissan Japan
5.2.7. Presidio Graduate School USA
5.2.8. Singapore A*STAR
6. RECENT PROGRESS BY COMPANY AND COUNTRY, FUTURE ISSUES
6.1. AeroVironment USA
6.2. APplugs Belgium
6.3. Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) Switzerland
6.4. Better Place Israel / USA
6.5. Chargemaster UK
6.6. Circontrol Spain
6.7. Coulomb Technologies USA
6.8. CT&T USA
6.9. Eaton Corporation USA
6.10. ECOtality USA
6.11. Elektromotive UK
6.12. Epyon Netherlands
6.13. GE USA
6.14. Hasetec Japan
6.15. Ingeteam Spain
6.16. JFE Engineering Corporation USA
6.17. Leviton USA
6.18. Liberty PlugIns USA
6.19. Mitsubishi Japan
6.20. Nation-E Switzerland
6.21. NEC Takasago Japan
6.22. Nexco Japan
6.23. Nissan Japan
6.24. PEP Stations USA
6.25. Robert Bosch Germany
6.26. Schneider Electric France
6.27. Siemens Germany
6.28. SwapPack USA
6.29. Tokyo Electric Power Company
6.30. Toyota Japan
6.31. Voltec USA
7. EXAMPLES OF INFRASTRUCTURE INSTALLATION BY COUNTRY
7.1. Austria
7.2. China
7.3. France
7.4. Germany
7.5. Japan
7.6. Portugal
7.7. Republic of Ireland
7.8. Spain
7.9. United Kingdom
7.10. USA
7.10.1. California
7.10.2. North Carolina
7.10.3. Oregon
8. MARKET FORECASTS
APPENDIX 1: GLOSSARY
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
APPENDIX 3: LATEST PROGRESS WITH LITHIUM-ION TRACTION BATTERIES.

TABLES
1.1. Probable total global electric vehicle charging station market in 2021 in $ billion rounded
1.2. Value of the global traction battery charger hardware market 2011-2021 in $ thousands, cars, other and total at ex factory prices for chargers external to the vehicle that connect using contacts.
1.3. Value of the global traction battery contacted charging station hardware market 2011-2021 value percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021
1.4. Number of car charging stations with contacts to the vehicle sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, other and total, rounded
1.5. Numbers percentage of the three levels of car charging station in hardware sales worldwide 2011-2021 rounded
1.6. Numbers thousands of the three levels of car charging station hardware worldwide 2011-2021
1.7. Average unit price of the three levels of car charging station with contacts to the vehicle 2011-2021 in $ thousands
1.8. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions
1.9. Plug in industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicles and buses in numbers thousand worldwide 2011-2021, charging stations with contacts per vehicle and number of charging stations with contacts for these vehicles in thousa
1.10. Global market for industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicle and bus charging stations with contacts to the vehicle in thousands, with unit hardware price in $ thousands and total market value in $ millions, rounded, with
1.11. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2011-2021 in thousands of units rounded
1.12. The charging infrastructure situation by category is as follows
1.13. Sales of Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units.
1.14. Chinese cities restricting electric bikes
1.15. Split between Level 2 and Level 3 chargers with rounded percentage
1.16. Examples of orders and commitments for non-residential car charging stations for on-road vehicles
1.17. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2011-2021
1.18. Typical hardware price of charging stations indoor and outdoor in $ thousands
3.1. SAE six levels of charging
4.1. The good and the bad of battery swapping
5.1. The good and the bad of inductive contactless charging of electric vehicles
7.1. Chinese cities restricting electric bikes
8.1. Value of the global traction battery charger hardware market 2011-2021 percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021
8.2. Number of car chargers sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential, other and total, rounded
8.3. Numbers percentage of the three levels of car charging station in hardware sales worldwide 2011-2021 rounded
8.4. Numbers thousands of the three levels of car charging station hardware worldwide 2011-2021
8.5. Average unit price of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ thousands
8.6. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions
8.7. Value of the global traction battery charger hardware market 2011-2021 in $ thousands, cars, other and total at ex factory prices
8.8. Plug in industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicles and buses in numbers thousand worldwide 2011-2021, chargers per vehicle and number of chargers for these vehicles in thousands
8.9. Global market for industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicle and bus charging stations in thousands, with unit hardware price in $ thousands and total market value in $ millions, rounded
8.10. The charging infrastructure situation by category is as follows
8.11. Sales of Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs) (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units
8.12. Split between Level 2 and Level 3 chargers with rounded percentage
8.13. Examples of orders and commitments for non-residential car charging stations for on-road vehicles
8.14. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2011-2021
8.15. Typical hardware price of charging stations indoor and outdoor in $ thousands.

FIGURES
1.1. Value of the global traction battery contacted charging station hardware market 2011-2021 percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021
1.2. Number of car charging stations with contacts to the vehicle sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential and other, rounded
1.3. Numbers thousands of the three levels of charging station worldwide 2011-2021
1.4. Average unit price of the three levels of charging station with contacts to the vehicle 2011-2021 in $ thousands
1.5. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions
1.6. Nissan backed charging stations being installed in the USA by region
1.7. Global market for industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicle and bus charging stations with contacts to the vehicle in thousands, with unit hardware price in $ thousands and total market value in $ millions, rounded, excl
1.8. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2011-2021 in thousands of units
1.9. Total number of plug-in cars in thousands 2011-2021
2.1. Solar train concept and underwater docking chargers already in use, both involving lithium-ion traction batteries
2.2. Forklift Truck Battery Charger, charging up to 900 ampere-hour of batteries in about eight hours
2.3. PosiCharge charging station for fast charging of lead acid batteries in forklifts
2.4. Examples of on board solar power charging land electric vehicle batteries
2.5. Examples of on board solar power charging water borne electric vehicle batteries
2.6. Examples of on board solar power charging airborne electric vehicle batteries
3.1. Level 3 vehicle-side connector
3.2. Mennekes plug
3.3. VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 electric vehicle charging socket
3.4. CHAdeMO plug: NEXCO EV Quick
3.5. TEPCO CHAdeMO Level 3 "Quick" fast charging plug
3.6. Yazaki's SAE J1772 compliant electric vehicle connector
4.1. Japanese taxi
5.1. Solar powered charging stations
5.2. Charging station at Rio de Janeiro
5.3. PC-Aero pure electric manned plane from Germany with solar charger
5.4. Solar recharging at Manheim New Jersey National Auto Dealers Exchange
5.5. Beautiful Earth Group's Brooklyn container-based charging station
5.6. E-Move solar charging station
5.7. EVFuture solar powered roadside charge 2008 model
5.8. EVFuture solar station detail
5.9. Bicycle parking lot in Sakurashinmachi, Setagaya, with Sanyo's Smart Energy System "Solar Parking Lot"
5.10. "Solar Parking Lot" based on Sanyo Electric's Smart Energy System
5.11. Sanyo Electric's Large-, Medium- and Small-Scale Smart Energy Systems
5.12. Solar powered train concept
5.13. Solar Unity solar powered charging installed in 2005
5.14. SunPods solar charging station
5.15. The 1.9kW Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV) and Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) charging station
5.16. Road surface electricity generator
5.17. Innowattech Piezo Electric Generator
5.18. Hino "no plug in" bus
5.19. In-road charging of small buses in Turin Italy
5.20. KAIST OLEVs in 2010
5.21. Proximity charged tram
5.22. Principle of the WiTricity Delphi wireless charging system
5.23. Evatran EV charging
5.24. Evatran Plugless Power EV charging station
5.25. HaloIPT 2010 launch of the first wireless charging in the UK
5.26. Operating principle of HaloIPT
6.1. AeroVironment chargers with Think EV
6.2. AeroVironment multiple charging system
6.3. ABB DC fast charging station
6.4. Better Place charging stations in Israel
6.5. Chargemaster FastCharge
6.6. Clipper Creek USA
6.7. Clipper Creek Level 2 residential charger
6.8. Coulomb Technologies charger
6.9. ChargePoint Level 3 fast charger shown left and residential/ light commercial charger shown right
6.10. CT&T charger
6.11. Eaton Level 2 charging station and Quick Charger
6.12. The home and commercial versions of the Blink EV charging stations
6.13. Elektromotive charging station
6.14. Epyon Terra charging station
6.15. GE WattStation
6.16. Hasetec charging station in action
6.17. Ingeteam roadside charger
6.18. JFE charging interface
6.19. Leviton residential EV chargers
6.20. Liberty PlugIns EV charging stations
6.21. Mitsubishi roadside charger
6.22. Mitsubishi car charging- home management system
6.23. The Angel car mobile charger for rescue
6.24. Angel car in action
6.25. Nation-E Hummer rescue charger car
6.26. Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski plugs in the all-electric Nissan LEAF to the nation's first publicly available quick-charge station at Portland General Electric headquarters in Portland, Oregon
6.27. Nexco public charger in Hodogawa
6.28. Nissan home charging station
6.29. PEP charging station
6.30. Robert Bosch EV charging station
6.31. Schneider Electric EV charging stations
6.32. Tokyo Electric Power Company charge point
6.33. Toyota charging station
6.34. Voltec residential EV charger
7.1. EV charging phone booth in Austria
7.2. Folkwang Universität The Plug
7.3. EV charger in Japan
7.4. Spanish phone booth suitable for addition of charger
7.5. World's first Tesla charging station installed in 2009 in California
7.6. Solar charging of car in San Jose
7.7. Sign in Raleigh
7.8. Basic charging system
7.9. Feeding and using the smart grid
7.10. Smart grid simulation
8.1. Value of the global traction battery charger hardware market 2011-2021 percent of total for East Asia, Europe and North America for 2011 and 2021
8.2. Number of car chargers sold worldwide in thousands 2011-2021, residential and other, rounded
8.3. Numbers thousands of the three levels of charging station worldwide 2011-2021
8.4. Average unit price of the three levels of charging station 2011-2021 in $ thousands
8.5. Global market value of the three levels of car charging station 2011-2021 in $ millions
8.6. BYD Auto charging station for pure electric taxis in China
8.7. Slow charging station in China
8.8. Fast charger for lead acid traction batteries in electric bicycles in China
8.9. Global market for industrial, commercial, military and marine vehicle and bus charging stations in thousands, with unit hardware price in $ thousands and total market value in $ millions, rounded
8.10. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2011-2021 in thousands of units rounded
8.11. Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2011-2021 in thousands of units
8.12. Total number of plug-in cars in thousands 2011-2021
Ordering Information