World Rare Earths Market

World demand to rise 7.1% annually through 2015

World demand for rare earths is forecast to expand 7.1 percent per year to 180,000 metric tons in 2015. In dollar terms, sales are expected to more than triple from $3.0 billion in 2010 to $9.2 billion in 2015. Consumption will be driven by increases in battery alloy, electronic product, motor vehicle and permanent magnet output. Market growth is expected to accelerate substantially from the 2005-2010 period, when demand in most nations was negatively impacted by sharp and unexpected reductions in Chinese export quotas which led to an exponential rise in rare earths prices.

Permanent magnets to remain largest market

Rare earths demand can be segmented into eight major markets: auto catalysts; battery alloys; fluid cracking catalysts (FCCs); glass, polishing and ceramics; metal processing; permanent magnets; phosphors; and other. Permanent magnets are -- and will continue to be -- the largest rare earths market, both in terms of value and volume. Global demand for rare earths used in permanent magnets will register both a substantial improvement from the 2005-2010 period and the strongest rate of growth of any major market in volume terms. Sales will be fueled by increases in consumer electronics, electric motors, and hybrid electric and other motor vehicle production. Neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, also known as “neo-magnets,” will account for the vast majority of sales. Worldwide demand for rare earths used in metal processing applications will exhibit renewed strength following a period of minimal growth between 2005 and 2010. Sales will be stimulated by increased levels of global steel production, particularly high-strength steels and steels with elevated anti-oxidation properties.

Neodymium, dysprosium to be fastest growing types

Neodymium and dysprosium are expected to post the fastest volume gains of any rare earths type, spurred by increased sales of heat-resistant NdFeB permanent magnets. However, cerium will remain the most widely used rare earth, accounting for nearly one-third of the 2015 total tonnage. Lanthanum and neodymium, with 27 and 23 percent of the 2015 tonnage total, respectively, will be the second and third most utilized types of rare earths. China has held a virtual monopoly on rare earths production since the turn of the century. In 2010, Chinese mines produced 111,000 metric tons of rare earths, accounting for over 90 percent of world output. However, the emergence of non-Chinese suppliers, combined with increased research and development in rare earths refining technologies, will boost overall rare earths supply and eventually reduce upward pricing pressures.

Rare earth prices to peak around 2013

Prices for rare earths have jumped dramatically in recent years, particularly in the wake of unexpected cuts in China export quotas. Pricing determinations are complicated by a dichotomy between pricing within China and spot prices outside of China. It is anticipated that prices will peak around 2013, when there will be downward pricing correction as new industry entrants begin to operate at close to full production capacity. Especially notable will be the elevated prices for the light rare earth neodymium and the heavy rare earths dysprosium, terbium and yttrium.

Study coverage

Details on these and other key findings are contained in World Rare Earths. The report provides historical demand data (2000, 2005, 2010) plus forecasts for 2015 and 2020 by type and market for the world, six regions and 14 countries. Seven major commercial types of rare earths are broken out, as well as seven major markets. The study also assesses market environment factors, examines company market share and profiles global industry competitors.

Global Metal Mining Industry

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ix

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

II. MARKET ENVIRONMENT 4

General 4
World Economic Overview 5
Recent Economic Performance 5
World Economic Outlook 7
World Population Outlook 11
World Fixed Capital Formation Trends 12
World Manufacturing Outlook 14
World Permanent Magnets Production Trends 17
World Catalysts Outlook 19
World Petroleum Refining Outlook 21
World Motor Vehicle Production Trends 24
World Crude Steel Production Trends 27
World Secondary Battery Outlook 28
World Flat Glass Production Trends 30
World Electronics Sector Outlook 32
Technology 34
Production & Processing Technologies 36
Recycling Technologies 39
Competitive Materials 40
Pricing Trends 41
Legal & Regulatory Environment 48

III. WORLD SUPPLY & DEMAND 53

General 53
Regional Overview 54
Demand 54
Production 57
China 58
Rest of World 60
Reserves 63
International Trade 65
Demand by Product 65
Cerium 69
Lanthanum 71
Neodymium 73
Yttrium 76
Dysprosium 78
Terbium 80
Europium 82
Other Products 84
Demand by Market 86
Permanent Magnets 90
Fluid Cracking Catalysts 93
Battery Alloys 95
Glass, Polishing & Ceramics 96
Metal Processing 99
Auto Catalysts 101
Phosphors 103
Other Markets 105
Emerging Applications 107
Wind Turbines 108
Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells 109

IV. NORTH AMERICA 111

General 111
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 113
United States 115
Canada 121
Mexico 125

V. WESTERN EUROPE 129

General 129
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 131
France 134
Germany 138
Italy 142
United Kingdom 146
Other Western Europe 150

VI. ASIA/PACIFIC 155

General 155
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 157
China 160
Japan 166
South Korea 171
India 175
Taiwan 179
Other Asia/Pacific 183

VII. OTHER REGIONS 188

Central & South America 188
General 188
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 190
Eastern Europe 191
General 191
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 193
Russia 195
Other Eastern Europe 199
Africa/Mideast 203
General 203
Rare Earths Supply & Demand 206

VIII. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 208

General 208
Industry Composition 209
Market Share 211
Marketing & Distribution 215
Cooperative Agreements 216
Mergers & Acquisitions 221
Company Profiles 226
Alkane Resources Limited 227
Arafura Resources Limited 228
AS Silmet, see Molycorp
Avalon Rare Metals Incorporated 229
Baotou Huamei Rare Earth Products, see Inner Mongolia
Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Group Hi-Tech
China Minmetals Nonferrous Metals Company Limited 231
China Rare Earth Holdings Limited 232
Frontier Rare Earths Limited 234
Ganzhou Qiandong Rare Earth Group Company Limited 235
Great Western Minerals Group Limited 236
Greenland Minerals and Energy Limited 241
Grirem Advanced Materials Company Limited 242
Indian Rare Earths Limited 244
Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Group Hi-Tech
Company Limited 246
Jiangsu Guosheng Rare Earth, see Grirem Advanced
Materials
Jiangxi Copper Company Limited 250
Langfang GANS Magnetic Material, see Grirem
Advanced Materials
Leshan Grirem Advanced Materials, see Grirem
Advanced Materials
Less Common Metals, see Great Western Minerals Group
Lynas Corporation Limited 251
Medallion Resources Limited 253
Molycorp Incorporated 254
Neo Material Technologies Incorporated 257
Quest Rare Minerals Limited 260
Rare Earth Extraction, see Great Western Minerals Group
Rare Element Resources Limited 261
Santoku America, see Molycorp
Shin-Etsu Chemical Company Limited 263
Sichuan Jiangtong Rare Earth, see Jiangxi Copper
Stans Energy Corporation 265
Treibacher Industrie AG 266
Wings Enterprises Incorporated 268
Zibo Baosteel Lingzhi Rare Earth Hi-Tech, see Inner
Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare-Earth Group Hi-Tech
Other Companies Involved in the Rare Earths Industry 269

LIST OF TABLES

SECTION I -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Summary Table 3

SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT

1 World Gross Domestic Product by Region 10
2 World Population by Region 12
3 World Gross Fixed Capital Formation by Region 14
4 World Manufacturing Value Added by Region 16
5 World Permanent Magnet Production by Region 19
6 World Catalysts Demand by Region 21
7 World Refined Petroleum Production by Region 24
8 World Motor Vehicle Production by Region 26
9 World Crude Steel Production by Region 28
10 World Secondary Battery Shipments by Region 30
11 World Flat Glass Production by Region 32
12 World Electronic Products Shipments by Region 34
13 The Rare Earth Elements 36
14 China's Rare Earth Export Quotas, 2005-2010 43
15 World Rare Earths Prices 46

SECTION III -- WORLD SUPPLY & DEMAND

1 World Rare Earths Demand by Region 56
2 World Rare Earths Mine Production by Region 58
3 Current Rare Earth Projects 62
4 World Rare Earths Demand by Product 67
5 World Cerium Demand by Region 71
6 World Lanthanum Demand by Region 73
7 World Neodymium Demand by Region 75
8 World Yttrium Demand by Region 78
9 World Dysprosium Demand by Region 80
10 World Terbium Demand by Region 82
11 World Europium Demand by Region 84
12 World Demand for Other Rare Earths by Region 86
13 World Rare Earths Demand by Market 88
14 World Permanent Magnets Market for Rare Earths by Region 92
15 World FCC Market for Rare Earths by Region 94
16 World Battery Alloys Market for Rare Earths by Region 96
17 World Glass, Polishing & Ceramics Market for Rare Earths
by Region 98
18 World Metal Processing Market for Rare Earths by Region 100
19 World Auto Catalysts Market for Rare Earths by Region 102
20 World Phosphors Market for Rare Earths by Region 105
21 World Demand for Rare Earths in Other Markets by Region 107

SECTION IV -- NORTH AMERICA

1 North America Market Environment for Rare Earths 112
2 North America Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 114
3 United States Market Environment for Rare Earths 117
4 United States Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 120
5 Canada Market Environment for Rare Earths 122
6 Canada Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 124
7 Mexico Market Environment for Rare Earths 126
8 Mexico Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 128

SECTION V -- WESTERN EUROPE

1 Western Europe Market Environment for Rare Earths 130
2 Western Europe Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 133
3 France Market Environment for Rare Earths 136
4 France Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 138
5 Germany Market Environment for Rare Earths 140
6 Germany Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 142
7 Italy Market Environment for Rare Earths 144
8 Italy Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 146
9 United Kingdom Market Environment for Rare Earths 148
10 United Kingdom Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 150
11 Other Western Europe Market Environment for Rare Earths 152
12 Other Western Europe Rare Earths Demand by Product
& Market 154

SECTION VI -- ASIA/PACIFIC

1 Asia/Pacific Market Environment for Rare Earths 157
2 Asia/Pacific Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 159
3 China Market Environment for Rare Earths 163
4 China Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 166
5 Japan Market Environment for Rare Earths 168
6 Japan Rare Earths Demand by Market & Product 171
7 South Korea Market Environment for Rare Earths 173
8 South Korea Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 175
9 India Market Environment for Rare Earths 177
10 India Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 179
11 Taiwan Market Environment for Rare Earths 181
12 Taiwan Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 183
13 Other Asia/Pacific Market Environment for Rare Earths 185
14 Other Asia/Pacific Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 187

SECTION VII -- OTHER REGIONS

1 Central & South America Market Environment for Rare Earths 189
2 Central & South America Rare Earths Demand by Product
& Market 191
3 Eastern Europe Market Environment for Rare Earths 193
4 Eastern Europe Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 195
5 Russia Market Environment for Rare Earths 197
6 Russia Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 199
7 Other Eastern Europe Market Environment for Rare Earths 201
8 Other Eastern Europe Rare Earths Demand by Product
& Market 203
9 Africa/Mideast Market Environment for Rare Earths 205
10 Africa/Mideast Rare Earths Demand by Product & Market 207

SECTION VIII -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

1 Rare Earth Sales for Selected Companies, 2010 210
2 Selected Cooperative Agreements 219
3 Selected Acquisitions & Divestitures 225

LIST OF CHARTS

SECTION II -- MARKET ENVIRONMENT

1 World Manufacturing Value Added by Region, 2010 17
2 World Rare Earths Spot Prices, June 2011 46
3 World Rare Earths Prices, 2000-2020 47

SECTION III -- WORLD SUPPLY & DEMAND

1 World Rare Earths Demand by Region, 2010 57
2 World Rare Earth Reserves by Country, 2010 64
3 World Rare Earths Demand by Product, 2010 68
4 Increase in Rare Earths Demand from 2010 to 2015 by Product 68
5 World Rare Earths Demand by Market, 2010 89
6 Increase in Rare Earths Demand from 2010 to 2015 by Market 89

SECTION IV -- NORTH AMERICA
1 North America Rare Earths Demand by Country, 2010 115
SECTION V -- WESTERN EUROPE
1 Western Europe Rare Earths Demand by Country, 2010 134
SECTION VI -- ASIA/PACIFIC
1 Asia/Pacific Rare Earths Demand by Country, 2010 160
SECTION VIII -- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
1 World Rare Earths Market Share by Company, 2010 211

Metal Mining in World

Turkey Silver Domestic Population Mn

• $ 250
• Industry data
• February 2013

Yearly, From 1990 To 2017
By Business Monitor International
Source: World Bank/UN/BMI Calculation

• Industries : Metal Mining
• Countries : World

Laos Silver Domestic Population Mn

• $ 250
• Industry data
• February 2013

Yearly, From 1990 To 2017
By Business Monitor International
Source: World Bank/UN/BMI Calculation

• Industries : Metal Mining
• Countries : Laos, World

Macau Silver Domestic Population Mn

• $ 250
• Industry data
• February 2013

Yearly, From 2007 To 2017
By Business Monitor International
Source: World Bank/UN/BMI Calculation

• Industries : Metal Mining
• Countries : World

Oman Silver Domestic Population Mn

• $ 250
• Industry data
• February 2013

Yearly, From 1990 To 2017
By Business Monitor International
Source: World Bank/UN/BMI Calculation

• Industries : Metal Mining
• Countries : Oman, World

Cuba Silver Domestic Population Mn

• $ 250
• Industry data
• February 2013

Yearly, From 1990 To 2017
By Business Monitor International
Source: World Bank/BMI calculation/BMI Calculation

• Industries : Metal Mining
• Countries : Cuba, World