INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This BCC Research study is a follow-up to a previous BCC report published in 2006 focusing on the catalyst regeneration side of the supply chain. Global value demand for catalysts (both fresh and regenerated) will grow 4.8% yearly from the current value of $19.7 billion to $26.1 billion through 2016. This is based on the pressure to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing processes, produce more multifunctional products using less energy, a shift toward higher-value catalyst materials and a reflection of the rising costs of metal actives.
Energy catalysts will see the most growth, while environmental applications will reap the benefits of the drive toward greener and cleaner processes and a reduction in the amount of waste handled and spent catalyst material sent to landfill. Polymerization catalysts will also experience growth as a result of the advancements made in the catalyst technology leading to the production of newer and improved performance polymers.
This study looks at the catalyst regeneration business and touches upon the recycle and reuse of spent catalyst material. It presents historical demand data for 2005 and 2010, estimates for 2011 and projects forwards to 2016. It reviews the main regeneration markets of refineries, chemical applications and flue/waste treatment systems. It reports on market sectors, reviews latest technology developments, provides a regional perspective and explains the options for handling spent catalyst.
Market shares and the catalyst regeneration management services provided by leading and active players such as Eurecat, Porocel, Tricat, CoaLogix, STEAG Energy Services, Haldor Topsøe, Albemarle, Ebinger and Johnson Matthey are profiled. The report looks at how regulations have impacted the industry especially with respect to cleaner fuels and reduced emissions. It also assesses the impact of rising raw material prices, tight supply and demand curves, the continuing fragility of the economy in many countries around the world and the role that regeneration catalyst plays in alleviating these constraints and reducing the cost for catalyst users.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Since the last review of this market, the world economy has suffered one of the worst financial meltdowns ever experienced. Developed world economies stalled and contracted, while growth in developing nations slowed but continued to demand raw material to meet their growth strategies. Both fresh and regenerated catalysts have an important role to play as economies recover with regeneration activities benefiting from tightened operation costs as owners look to ride out the recession.
As a result of the tougher legislation and the need for refineries to meet the new fuel legislation, growth in fresh catalyst demand is predicted to be higher than regeneration in value terms with a CAGR of 5.0% forecast from 2011 to 2016 compared to regeneration at 3.8% over the same period.
Recycle and reuse of spent catalyst material will continue and will remain the largest outlet for this type of material; however, regeneration activities will continue to prosper at refineries and from the growing usage of selective catalyst regeneration units to control and reduce the harmful emissions from flue gas exhaust, especially those of coal-fired power plants.
Rising raw material costs will favor the economics of regeneration over landfill, meaning that it will gain market share in volume terms but value-wise it will hold steady as fresh catalyst is expected to rise faster in price due to the newer and higher performing catalysts that carry a premium price.
The use of more renewable feedstock and so-called dirtier feedstock (e.g., low-grade coal or heavy oil) will impact the regeneration market, as regeneration is usually only successful on spent material that has been used in streams with very little impurities rather than streams that contain catalyst poisons that could and would permanently damage and deactivate catalyst-active sites. Unlike the SCR segment where active metals are reimpregnated as part of the regeneration process, in the refinery segment the catalysts are cleaned up and transformed back to oxides ready for presulfiding within the reactor before recommencing operations.
Regeneration and reuse of spent catalysts will offer chemical producers, power plant operators, petroleum refiners and catalyst manufacturers the flexibility to meet international agreements for cleaner products.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
Together, the catalyst regeneration and metal reclamation industries help spent catalyst producers in crude oil refineries, power generation and chemical manufacturing control costs and limit future liability in the face of increasing environmental regulations. As has been shown in the past, when product demand drops, catalyst users want to lower their operating costs by promoting the options of regeneration and recycling above disposal.
A change in attitude over the years means that today catalysts are treated as assets rather than as used, once thrown away material. Owners seek the best return on these assets and when regeneration is not feasible or economically viable turning to metal reclaimers to recover and reuse the metal dispersed in the catalyst substrate. Usually the entire value of the catalyst is not just the active metal recovered and redeployed.
However, catalyst users have to balance that driver with the need to conform to the toughest legislation ever on low-sulfur fuels and reduced hazardous waste emissions regulations in many countries today. Even the regions where regulations have been less restrictive are starting to adopt the standards of more developed nations as the concern around the harm that such uncontrolled emissions can do starts to influence and guide government thinking and strategies for development and economic growth.
Lower sulfur regulations have spurred the construction of new hydroprocessing units. Each barrel of hydroprocessing capacity adds new catalyst demand to the market. Today, about 85% of the world’s off-site regenerated catalysts are hydroprocessing catalysts and that percentage is predicted to grow. Regeneration of SCR catalysts will see the fastest growth as the volume of addressable market for regeneration has more than doubled due to the imposition of very low emission levels for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from coal-fired power plants.
The landfill option is often the least preferred today not only because of the ongoing liability surrounding the disposal of the material but the fact that the value of material used has risen sharply making recovery and reuse, if regeneration is a non-starter, much more economically favorable than simply dumping the material underground and not reclaiming the value within.
It is clear that regeneration off-site is a vital part of the industry especially in the sectors of refinery hydroprocessing catalysts, selective hydrogenation catalysts in the petrochemical/specialty chemical market and SCR flue gas emission control catalysts. In combination with regulations deterring catalysts from entering landfills and redirecting spent-catalyst traffic from disposal options to regenerating and reclamation plants, the growth of the industry is positive even if the economic outlook at this time is at its lowest and likely to remain that way for the near term future.
To this end, the study will be useful for the following:
Marketing managers.
Senior petrochemical executives.
Decision makers from international governments.
Process licensors and engineering contractors.
Plant and operations directors.
Engineering and technology manufacturers and providers.
Process and technology support advisors.
Petrochemical and refining management specialists.
Logistical, supply chain and e-business specialists.
Corporate, project and trade finance specialists
Strategic planners and forecasters.
New product and business developers.
Decision makers from the chemical and energy industries/end users (oil, gas, petrochemical, fertilizer and chemical companies).
Automotive companies.
Trade associations.
Environmental consultants.
Equipment manufacturers and process designers.
Hydrogen plant manufacturers and equipment support companies.
Venture capitalists, those involved in research and development work and academic institutions.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
Meeting rising energy requirements and protecting the environment are among the most important applications of catalyst technology. Broadly speaking, a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the required activation energy, but is left unchanged by the reaction.
As was the case in the previous review the petroleum industry remains the largest single user of regenerated catalysts, especially in hydroprocessing to produce refined products such as gasoline and low sulfur diesel fuel.
Both fresh and regenerated catalysts contribute to enlarging the petroleum supply by making it commercially possible to produce oil from sources that were once regarded as uneconomical such as tar sands and heavy oil deposits. With the easier, sweeter, cleaner oil less available, these more abundant dirtier crudes are being refined, and the challenges facing the refiner and its catalyst partners are increased.
Regenerated catalysts are indispensable to many types of environmental remediation, from power plant emissions control systems to industrial effluent and municipal waste treatment. As will be shown, regenerated catalysts contribute indirectly to reducing costs since they can be significantly cheaper than fresh catalysts and yet be almost as active. In addition, regenerated catalysts can be less prone to production of unwanted by-products, such as sulfur trioxide (SO3), in flue gas streams because the regenerated process reduces the sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfur trioxide conversion (i.e., lowers the sulfur dioxide oxidation activity).
This report provides an understanding of how the regenerated catalyst business contributes to meeting the energy needs of the world economies, while at the same time, helping reduce the costs associated with preventing environmental degradation and remediation of adverse environmental impacts as they occur.
The study is divided into a number of sections and covers regenerated catalyst use in the following:
Processing of crude oil (including nonconventional sources such as tar sands and heavy oil reservoirs).
Chemical and petrochemical synthesis.
Flue gas and waste treatment.
The catalyst regeneration business is important for the following reasons:
Increases profitability for spent catalyst producers.
Avoids or reduces environmental damage.
Prolongs the lifetime and activity of a number of important catalyst families.
Promotes the development of green processes and green chemistry that are environmentally friendly.
Mitigates or remediates adverse environmental impacts after they occur.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
The insight and analysis contained within this report are based on information gathered from a cross section of fresh and regenerated catalyst developers, manufacturers, end users and other informed sources. Primary interview data was combined with secondary information gathered through an extensive review of published literature such as trade magazines, trade associations, company literature, conference material, patented technology, social media sites and online databases to produce the baseline market estimates contained in this report and building on the data collected in the previous review
With 2005 and 2010 as baselines, changes within each application were discussed and projections for each segment were developed for 2011 through 2016. Key findings were summarized, as well as tested, confirmed and debated with key contacts in the industry. BCC Research understanding of the key market drivers and their impact from a historical and analytical perspective enabled the extraction and discussion of major developments and the subsequent impact on the markets.
The analytical methodologies used to generate market estimates are based on a projection of world economy, world trade and technology developments. All dollar projections presented in this report are based on 2011 constant dollars.
ANALYSTS' CREDENTIALS
John Joe Harkin is a Ph.D. chemist who graduated from the University of Manchester, United Kingdom, and is an independent business intelligence consultant. He has 20 years of experience providing business insight to a range of companies in the chemical and related industries. The majority of his industrial career was spent supporting business development activities on a global basis within a specialty firm that was active in many. He is also the co-author of BCC Report CHM039B Oilfield Process Chemicals: Global Markets.
Ronald van Rossum has more than 24 years of experience providing information management services to the chemical industry. For 10 years, he was a global information manager, delivering a wide range of services to a global specialty company. He is an expert information searcher and speaks several languages. He is also the co-author of BCC Report CHM039B Oilfield Process Chemicals: Global Markets.
Global Oil And Gas Energy Industry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE (CONTINUED) 3
SCOPE AND FORMAT 4
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES. 5
ANALYSTS’ CREDENTIALS . 6
RELATED BCC RESEARCH EFFORTS . 6
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7
DISCLAIMER . 7
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY 8
SUMMARY 8
SUMMARY (CONTINUED) 9
OTHER REPORT HIGHLIGHTS 9
OTHER REPORT HIGHLIGHTS (CONTINUED) . 10
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION BY SITE TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 11
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION BY SITE TECHNOLOGY, 2008–2016 ($
MILLIONS) 11
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW 12
INTRODUCTION . 12
DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND . 13
REGENERATED AND FRESH CATALYSTS . 13
REGENERATED CATALYST DEMAND . 13
FRESH CATALYST DEMAND . 14
TABLE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYSTS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS). 15
FIGURE 1 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST DEMAND FOR
CATALYSTS, 2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 15
OVERVIEW OF REGENERATED CATALYST USE . 15
Overview of Regenerated Catalyst Use (Continued) . 16
TABLE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYSTS AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CATALYST DEMAND,
THROUGH 2016 (%) 17
OVERVIEW OF FRESH AND REGENERATED CATALYST
COSTS . 17
TABLE 3 COST OF FRESH AND REGENERATED CATALYSTS,
THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) 18
OVERVIEW OF REGENERATED CATALYST
CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES . 18
TABLE 4 OVERVIEW OF REGENERATED CATALYST
CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES, JUNE 1999 . 19
WHERE CATALYST REGENERATION FITS IN THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY. 19
ENERGY . 20
CHEMICALS AND PETROCHEMICALS 20
ENVIRONMENT 21
TABLE 5 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL FORECAST OF REGENERATED
CATALYST DEMAND BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 22
FIGURE 2 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST OVERVIEW OF
REGENERATED CATALYST DEMAND BY ECONOMIC SECTOR,
2010-2016 ($ MILLIONS) 23
OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND BY FUEL TYPE 23
TABLE 6 SPLIT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL TYPE, 2005–
2010 (%) 24
FIGURE 3 SPLIT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL TYPE, 2010
(%) . 25
Petroleum . 26
Natural Gas . 26
Nuclear . 26
Coal 27
Renewables 27
TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST OF ENERGY
CONSUMPTION BY FUEL TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (QUADRILLION
BTU PER YEAR) 28
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST OF ENERGY
CONSUMPTION BY FUEL TYPE, 2007-2016 (QUADRILLION BTU
PER YEAR) 28
IMPORTANT ECONOMIC INDICATIONS FOR WORLD
TRADE 29
RISKS . 29
TABLE 8 OVERVIEW OF WORLD REAL GDP GROWTH (PPP), 2007–
2016 (% GROWTH) 30
FIGURE 5 OVERVIEW OF WORLD REAL GDP GROWTH (PPP), 2007–
2016 (% GROWTH) 30
GLOBAL OUTLOOK 30
GLOBAL OUTLOOK (CONTINUED) . 31
TABLE 9 OVERVIEW OF WORLDWIDE GDP (% WORLD GDP VALUE) 32
METAL MARKET IMPACT . 33
STEEL 34
NICKEL 34
ALUMINUM . 35
COPPER . 35
COBALT . 36
ZINC 37
TIN 37
CHROMIUM . 38
MOLYBDENUM 38
VANADIUM . 39
TABLE 10 NICKEL, ALUMINUM, COBALT, COPPER, ZINC, TIN,
CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM PRICES,
THROUGH 2011 ($/LB) 39
FIGURE 6 NICKEL, ALUMINUM, COBALT, COPPER, ZINC, TIN,
CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM METAL PRICES,
2006-2011 ($/LB) . 40
PLATINUM GROUP METALS 40
PLATINUM 41
PALLADIUM 42
RUTHENIUM . 42
RHODIUM 43
IRIDIUM . 43
TABLE 11 PLATINUM GROUP METAL PRICES, THROUGH 2011
($/OZ) . 44
FIGURE 7 PLATINUM GROUP METAL PRICES, 2006-2011 ($/OZ) 44
RHENIUM . 45
FIGURE 8 RHENIUM METAL PRICES, 2000–2011 ($/LB) 45
OVERVIEW OF INORGANIC CHEMICAL COSTS . 46
TABLE 12 OPERATING COST INDEX FOR HF AND H2SO4, THROUGH
2011 (BASED ON 1956 = 100.0) 47
RARE EARTHS AND MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS AND
CHEMICALS . 47
Rare Earths 47
Magnesium, Magnesium Compounds and Chemicals . 48
TABLE 13 COST OF RARE EARTHS AND MAGNESIUM, THROUGH
2011 ($/KG) 49
CATALYST REGENERATION: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES 49
REGENERATION PROCESS 50
CATALYST LIFETIME 51
CHEMICAL PROCESSING INDUSTRY . 52
INFORMATION 52
A FEW EXAMPLES . 52
TABLE 14 CATALYST REGENERATION: ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES 53
TABLE 14 (CONTINUED) . 54
OVERVIEW OF SPENT CATALYST USE OPTIONS 54
TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR THE COST OF SPENT
CATALYST USE BY OPTION, THROUGH 2016 ($/LB) . 55
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR COST OF SPENT
CATALYST USE BY OPTION, 2010-2016 ($/LB) . 56
IMPORTANCE OF SPENT CATALYST REGENERATION AND
MANAGEMENT SERVICES 56
TABLE 16 OVERVIEW OF SERVICES VALUE IN CATALYST
MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY (%) . 57
REGENERATION/METAL RECOVERY/DISPOSAL ECONOMICS 57
REGENERATION/METAL RECOVERY/… (CONTINUED) . 58
SPENT CATALYST METAL RECOVERY PROCESSING TIME
HAS AN EFFECT . 59
ON PROFITABILITY . 59
Spent Catalyst Metal … (Continued) . 60
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND LEGAL
IMPLICATIONS . 61
AVOIDING LEGAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS . 62
HOW TO SELECT A PRECIOUS METALS REFINER . 62
COMPETITIVE RATES FOR CATALYST MATERIAL THAT HAS
BEEN REGENERATED . 63
REUSING REGENERATED CATALYST MATERIAL IN THE
SAME UNIT 64
CASCADING IT TO ANOTHER UNIT IN THE PLANT . 64
STORING REGENERATED CATALYST IN THE COMPANY’S
INTERNATIONAL . 64
SELLING TO A THIRD PARTY THROUGH A CONSIGNMENT
AGREEMENT . 65
SELLING SPENT CATALYST MATERIAL TO
REGENERATORS AND METAL . 65
TABLE 17 COMPETITIVE RATES WITHIN THE CATALYST
REGENERATION INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 66
BUSINESS CASE: (NOX) CATALYST REGENERATION . 66
REGENERATION PROCESS: ECONOMICS AND RELIABILITY OF
NEW CATALYST VS. REGENERATED CATALYST . 67
ELIMINATING DISPOSAL COSTS . 68
TABLE 18 COST COMPARISON: REGENERATION VS. BUYING NEW
CATALYST . 68
NEW VS. REGENERATED . 69
TABLE 19 COST COMPARISON: REGENERATION VS. BUYING NEW
CATALYST FOR ONE LAYER . 69
REJUVENATION VS. REGENERATION 70
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRECIOUS
METAL RECOVERY FROM SPENT CATALYSTS 71
TABLE 20 OPERATING COSTS ($) . 72
METALS RECOVERY FROM SPENT CATALYST
TECHNOLOGY . 72
FIGURE 10 SCHEMATIC OF PRECIOUS METAL RECOVERY FROM
SPENT CATALYSTS . 73
Hydrometallurgy Technology 74
Pyrometallurgy Technology 74
THE AQUACAT PROCESS . 74
USING SPENT CATALYSTS AS RAW MATERIALS TO PRODUCE
OTHER VALUABLE PRODUCTS 75
TABLE 21 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBES
PREPARED FROM SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL AGGREGATES
(G/CM3) / (KG/CM2) 75
HISTORY OF THE CATALYST AND REGENERATION BUSINESS 76
TABLE 22 TIMELINE OF MILESTONES, HIGHLIGHTS AND
DEVELOPMENTS IN CATALYSIS AND REGENERATION OF
CATALYSTS 76
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) . 77
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) . 78
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) . 79
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) . 80
NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 80
New Developments and … (Continued) 81
Biocatalysts 82
Biocatalysts (Continued) 83
CHAPTER FOUR: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE RATES . 84
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE RATES . 84
FIGURE 11 STRUCTURE AND SUPPLY CHAIN OF THE CATALYST
REGENERATION BUSINESS . 85
CATALYST MANAGEMENT . 86
TYPE OF CATALYST REGENERATION MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITY . 86
CATALYST PHYSICAL SEPARATION . 87
PRESULFIDING AND OTHER PRECONDITIONING . 87
CATALYST RESALE . 88
CATALYST UNLOADING/LOADING 88
RECYCLING 89
TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 90
LANDFILL DISPOSAL 90
CATALYST MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY (CMT) . 91
SCR SPECIFIC . 92
TABLE 23 SCR CATALYST MANAGEMENT* . 93
Strategy 93
TABLE 24 TYPICAL CATALYST MANAGEMENT (%) 94
CHALLENGES FACING THE CATALYST REGENERATION
INDUSTRY 94
FIGURE 12 CHALLENGES FACING KEY PLAYERS IN THE
CATALYST REGENERATION BUSINESS CHAIN . 95
PRECIOUS METAL LOOP 95
FIGURE 13 THE PRECIOUS METAL LOOP 96
ISSUES FOR SPENT CATALYST METAL RECOVERY
COMPANIES 96
Precious Metals Sampling . 97
Melt Sampling . 98
Solution Sampling . 98
Dry Sampling 98
Assaying/Analysis 98
Processing Turnaround: Bottom Line . 99
LEASING AND POOL ACCOUNTS . 100
BANKING . 100
ISSUES FOR CATALYST USERS . 101
COST REDUCTION AND CATALYST REGENERATION
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY . 101
ISSUES FOR SPENT CATALYST REGENERATORS . 102
TABLE 25 TYPICAL PILOT PLANT TEST SUMMARY . 103
DEMAND BY CATALYST TYPE . 104
INTRODUCTION . 104
DEMAND BY PRODUCT . 105
CO/MO CATALYSTS . 106
NI/MO CATALYSTS 106
NI/W CATALYSTS . 106
FCC SPENT CATALYSTS . 106
REFORMER AND ISOMERIZATION CATALYSTS . 107
HYDRO-DEMETALLIZATION CATALYSTS 107
NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS 107
Noble Metal Catalysts (Continued) 108
Noble Metal Catalysts (Continued) 109
ZEOLITES 110
RARE EARTHS 110
ACID CATALYSTS 111
VANADIA AND TITANIA . 111
OTHER . 112
REGENERATED CATALYST USE BY PRODUCT 113
TABLE 26 SECTOR/PRODUCT MATRIX 114
TABLE 27 GLOBAL FORECAST OF DEMAND FOR REGENERATED
CATALYSTS BY PRODUCT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 114
REGENERATED CATALYST DEMAND BY MARKET SEGMENT . 115
TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYST BY SEGMENT/REGION, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 116
DEMAND BY APPLICATION . 117
INTRODUCTION . 117
TABLE 29 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYSTS BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 117
REGENERATED PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYST 118
TABLE 30 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYTIC
REFINERY PROCESSING CAPACITY, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
BPD) 118
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYTIC
REFINERY PROCESSING CAPACITY, THROUGH 2016 (MILLION
BPD) 119
Regenerated Petroleum … (Continued) 120
TABLE 31 REFINERY CATALYST MANUFACTURERS 121
TABLE 32 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION IN CRUDE OIL REFINING BY PROCESS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS). 121
Catalytic Hydrotreating 122
TABLE 33 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYTIC
HYDROTREATING FOR REGENERATED CATALYSTS BY
DEPLOYMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 123
TABLE 34 CONVENTIONAL AND IMPROVED HYDROTREATING
AND HYDROPROCESSING CATALYSTS FOR DIESEL
PRODUCTION . 124
FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING (FCC) 124
Fluid Catalytic Cracking … (Continued) 125
TABLE 35 FCC DEMAND FOR REGENERATED CATALYSTS BY
DEPLOYMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 126
TABLE 36 CONVENTIONAL AND IMPROVED FCC CATALYSTS FOR
GASOLINE PRODUCTION 126
TABLE 36 (CONTINUED) . 127
CATALYTIC REFORMING . 127
Catalytic Reforming (Continued) 128
TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYTIC
REFORMING FOR REGENERATED CATALYSTS, THROUGH 2016
($ MILLIONS) 129
TABLE 38 CONVENTIONAL AND IMPROVED REFORMING
CATALYSTS FOR GASOLINE PRODUCTION . 130
CATALYTIC HYDROCRACKING 130
TABLE 39 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYTIC
HYDROCRACKING FOR REGENERATED CATALYSTS BY
DEPLOYMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 131
TABLE 40 CONVENTIONAL AND IMPROVED HYDROCRACKING
CATALYSTS FOR RESIDUE CONVERSION AND LOW-SULFUR
FUEL OIL PRODUCTION 132
ALKYLATION AND ISOMERIZATION . 132
Alkylation and Isomerization (Continued) . 133
TABLE 41 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYSTS BY ALKYLATION AND ISOMERIZATION, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 134
Alkylation . 134
Isomerization . 135
TABLE 42 CONVENTIONAL AND IMPROVED ALKYLATION AND
ISOMERIZATION CATALYSTS FOR GASOLINE PRODUCTION 135
REGENERATED POLYMERIZATION AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING CATALYSTS 135
TABLE 43 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATION
CATALYSTS BY CHEMICAL, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 136
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS 136
Organic Synthesis Catalysts . 137
Selective Oxidation Catalysts . 138
Synthesis Gas Catalysts 138
Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation Catalysts . 139
TABLE 44 EXAMPLES OF CATALYTIC HYDROGENATIONS IN
CHEMICALS AND PETROCHEMICALS USING BASE AND
PRECIOUS METAL CATALYSTS . 139
TABLE 44 (CONTINUED) . 140
Other Chemical Synthesis Catalysts 141
TABLE 45 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATION
CATALYSTS BY CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 141
POLYMERIZATION 141
Ziegler-Natta Catalysts . 142
Single-Site Catalysts . 142
Reaction Initiators . 143
Other Polymerization Catalysts . 143
TABLE 46 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATION
CATALYSTS BY POLYMERIZATION TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 143
PRERECLAMATION REGENERATED AUTOMOTIVE
CATALYSTS . 143
Prereclamation Regenerated … (Continued) . 144
Prereclamation Regenerated … (Continued) . 145
Prereclamation Regenerated … (Continued) . 146
TABLE 47 DEMAND FOR PRECIOUS METALS IN THE
AUTOCATALYST MARKET, THROUGH 2016 (TROY OZS) 147
TABLE 48 VALUE OF AUTOCATALYST PRECIOUS METALS, 2010 ($
MILLIONS) 148
TABLE 49 VALUE OF PRECIOUS METALS IN THE AUTOCATALYST
MARKET, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 148
REGENERATED FLUE GAS AND WASTE TREATMENT
CATALYSTS . 149
Regenerated Flue Gas and … (Continued) . 150
Selective Catalytic Reduction . 151
Selective Catalytic … (Continued) . 152
Selective Catalytic … (Continued) . 153
Catalytic Oxidation 154
TABLE 50 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR FLUE GAS AND
WASTE CATALYST SUPPLY BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 155
GLOBAL DEMAND FOR CATALYST REGENERATION BY REGION . 155
GLOBAL DEMAND FOR … (CONTINUED) . 156
STATE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY 157
TABLE 51 WORLDWIDE OVERVIEW OF KEY ECONOMIC
INDICATORS, 2005–2016 (% GROWTH) . 157
FIGURE 15 WORLDWIDE OVERVIEW OF KEY ECONOMIC
INDICATORS, 2005–2016 (% GROWTH) . 158
TABLE 52 OVERVIEW OF WORLDWIDE GDP BY REGION, 2005–2016
(% WORLD GDP) . 158
FIGURE 16 OVERVIEW OF WORLDWIDE GDP BY REGION, 2005, 2011
AND 2016 (% WORLD GDP) . 159
REFINERY OUTLOOK . 160
TABLE 53 OVERVIEW OF OIL PRODUCTION, 2010 (% OF TOTAL
PRODUCTION) 160
TABLE 54 OVERVIEW OF REFINERY CAPACITY BY REGION,
THROUGH 2016 (% OF TOTAL CAPACITY) 161
FIGURE 17 OVERVIEW OF REFINERY CAPACITY, 2005-2016 (% OF
TOTAL CAPACITY) . 161
TABLE 55 OVERVIEW OF REFINING CAPACITIES, 2010 (% OF
TOTAL CAPACITY) . 162
Refinery Outlook (Continued) . 163
FLUE GAS 164
TABLE 56 GLOBAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FROM COAL/PEAT
BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TWH) . 165
Flue Gas (Continued) 166
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY . 167
TABLE 57 GLOBAL CHEMICAL TRADE SHARES BY REGION, 2005–
2010 (% OF VALUE) 167
Chemical Industry (Continued) 168
Chemical Industry (Continued) 169
Chemical Industry (Continued) 170
TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYST BY SEGMENT/REGION, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 171
DEMAND FOR CATALYST REGENERATION BY
SITE/METHOD TECHNOLOGY . 171
TABLE 59 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION BY SITE TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 172
FIGURE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION BY SITE TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 173
OFF-SITE CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY 173
OFF-SITE CATALYST … (CONTINUED) . 174
ROTATING-KILN PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 175
MOVING-BELT OVEN PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 175
FLUIDIZED-BED OVEN (TRP PROCESS TECHNOLOGY) 176
ULTRASOUND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 176
OTHER . 176
TABLE 60 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OFF-SITE CATALYST
REGENERATION BY PROCESS TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 177
ON-SITE CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY 177
TABLE 61 ON-SITE CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY 178
CYCLIC, CONTINUOUS REGENERATION . 178
SEMI-REGENERATION . 178
OFF-LINE REGENERATION . 178
CONTINUOUS CATALYST CIRCULATION AND CYCLIC
UNIT 179
OTHER . 179
TABLE 62 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR ON-SITE SPENT
CATALYST REGENERATION BY PROCESS TECHNOLOGY,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS). 179
DEMAND FOR CATALYST REGENERATION BY
CONTAMINATION AND POISON TYPE . 180
COKE DEPOSITION . 181
ACTIVE SURFACE FOULING . 181
DEPOSITION OF ALKALINE AND ALKALINE EARTH
METALS 182
ARSENIC POISONING . 182
EROSION . 183
PLUGGING 183
SULFURIC COMPOUND ADSORPTION 183
CARBON MONOXIDE ADSORPTION . 184
SILICON . 184
IRON . 184
OTHER . 185
TABLE 63 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CATALYST
REGENERATION BY DEACTIVATION TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) . 185
CATALYST REGENERATION INDUSTRY MARKET DRIVERS AND
THREATS 186
ECONOMY . 186
CRUDE OIL INDUSTRY CONSOLIDATION 186
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 187
CRUDE OIL REFINERY COMPLEXITY AND
CONFIGURATION . 188
NATURE OF THE MARKET 189
CATALYST PERFORMANCE . 190
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS 190
RECENT ACTIVITIES OF CATALYST COMPANIES 190
BioNexGen Project. 191
BASF 191
Criterion Catalysts and Technologies . 191
Haldor Topsøe 192
Süd-Chemie 192
Albemarle Corp. . 192
Zeolyst International . 193
Catalytic Distillation Technologies . 193
Avantium Technologies BV . 193
Grace Davison 193
Johnson Matthey . 193
Reaxa 193
Headwaters Inc. and Axens 194
Syntroleum . 194
Zeolite ITQ 21 194
IMPACT OF CRUDE OIL DEMAND 194
Crude Oil Demand Impact (Continued) 195
CLEANER EMISSIONS 196
CATALYST PRICE INCREASES 197
MAJOR TRENDS IMPACTING THE CATALYST REGENERATION
BUSINESS . 198
CATALYST REGENERATION TRENDS . 198
TABLE 64 CATALYST REGENERATION TRENDS, THROUGH 2016
(%) . 199
METAL PRICE TRENDS 199
TRENDS IN METAL RECYCLING FROM SPENT
AUTOMOTIVE CATALYSTS . 200
GLOBAL POWER GENERATION TRENDS . 201
TABLE 65 GLOBAL POWER GENERATION SHARE TRENDS BY
SOURCE, THROUGH 2035 (%)* . 202
FIGURE 19 GLOBAL POWER GENERATION SHARE TRENDS BY
SOURCE, 2015–2035 (%)* . 203
Regional Market Share Trends . 204
TABLE 66 POWER GENERATION CAPACITY MARKET SHARE
TRENDS BY REGION, 2010–2035 (%) 204
CATALYST COMPANIES IN THE MARKET 205
HYDROPROCESSING 205
TABLE 67 GLOBAL MARKET SHARES OF EX SITU CATALYST
REGENERATION, 2011 (%) . 206
FIGURE 20 GLOBAL MARKET SHARES OF EX SITU CATALYST
REGENERATION, 2011 (%) . 206
FCC . 207
TABLE 68 ESTIMATED GLOBAL MARKET SHARES FCC, 2011 (%) . 208
FIGURE 21 ESTIMATED GLOBAL MARKET SHARES OF FCC, 2011
(%) . 208
SULFURIC ACID AND REGENERATION 208
SCR/NOX ABATEMENT 209
SCR/NOX Abatement . 210
SCR/NOX Abatement . 211
INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS . 212
OTHER CATALYST PLAYERS 213
DIFFERENTIATION/SEGMENTATION BY SERVICE 213
TABLE 69 COMPANY CATALYST REGENERATION SEGMENTATION
BY SERVICE, 2011 214
CHAPTER FIVE: REGULATORY ISSUES AND LEGISLATION 215
INTRODUCTION . 215
PRIMARY LEGISLATION . 216
END OF LIFE VEHICLE DIRECTIVE 216
TABLE 70 THE EVOLUTION OF REUSE, RECYCLING AND
RECOVERY OF VEHICLE MATERIAL AND COMPONENTS . 217
REACH . 218
TABLE 71 THE EVOLUTION OF REUSE, RECYCLING AND
RECOVERY OF VEHICLE MATERIAL AND COMPONENTS . 219
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE . 220
Energy Independence (Continued) . 221
Energy Independence (Continued) . 222
KYOTO PROTOCOL 223
IMPROVING AIR QUALITY . 223
Improving Air Quality (Continued) 224
TABLE 72 LIMIT VALUES FOR POLLUTANTS UNDER DIRECTIVE
2008/50/EC . 225
TABLE 73 LIMIT VALUES FOR POLLUTANTS UNDER NAAQS . 226
CATALYST RECLAMATION AND DISPOSAL . 227
Catalyst Reclamation and Disposal (Continued) . 228
Catalyst Reclamation and Disposal (Continued) . 229
FUEL REGULATIONS 230
Fuel Regulations (Continued) . 231
POLLUTION-FREE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 232
OVERVIEW OF FUEL SULFUR LIMITS IN SELECTED
COUNTRIES 233
TABLE 74 SULFUR LIMITS BY REGION, 2010 233
TABLE 74 (CONTINUED) . 234
IMPACT OF SULFUR IN DIESEL ON CATALYST
TECHNOLOGIES . 234
Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles 235
Partnership for … (Continued) . 236
TABLE 75 THE EVOLUTION OF AUTO EMISSIONS STANDARDS IN
THE U.S., 1975–2007 (GRAMS OF POLLUTANT PER MILE) 237
TABLE 76 THE EVOLUTION OF AUTO EMISSIONS STANDARDS IN
EUROPE FOR PASSENGER CARS, 1992–2014 (GRAMS
POLLUTANT PER KM) 237
CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY HEALTH AND
SAFETY ASPECTS . 238
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS . 238
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS . 239
SAFETY AND CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS FOR
ALKYLATION TECHNOLOGY . 239
SAFETY AND CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS FOR FLUID
CATALYTIC CRACKING . 240
SAFETY AND CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS FOR
CATALYTIC REFORMING . 241
TABLE 77 SELECTED SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS
PRODUCTS 241
CHAPTER SIX: TECHNOLOGY . 242
INTRODUCTION . 242
INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED) 243
TABLE 78 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYST MANAGEMENT BY SERVICE COST, THROUGH 2016
($/LB) . 244
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR REGENERATED
CATALYST MANAGEMENT BY SERVICE COST, 2008-2016 ($/LB) . 244
SPENT CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY . 245
REPLACE OR REGENERATE CATALYSTS . 246
OVERVIEW OF SPENT CATALYST COMPOSITION 246
OVERVIEW OF SPENT CATALYST … (CONTINUED). 247
OVERVIEW OF SPENT CATALYST … (CONTINUED). 248
TABLE 79 COMPARISON OF SPENT CATALYSTS FROM VARIOUS
SOURCES (% W/W) 249
OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL REGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES 249
OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL … (CONTINUED) . 250
ROTATING VESSEL REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY 251
FIGURE 23 ROTO-LOUVRE CATALYST REGENERATION
TECHNOLOGY 252
EBULLATED BED REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY . 252
FLUIDIZED BED REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY . 253
In-situ Cleaning Technology . 253
AQUACAT TECHNOLOGY . 254
PROCESSING COSTS . 254
OVERVIEW OF SPENT CATALYST EVALUATION 255
TABLE 80 PREBURNING IMPROVES SAMPLING ACCURACY 256
CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SPENT AND
REGENERATED CATALYSTS 256
ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS . 256
TABLE 81 COMPARISON OF TEST GAS MIXTURE FOR ACTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS (PPM) 257
PHYSISORPTION ANALYSES. 257
CHEMISORPTION ANALYSES . 258
TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED METHODS . 259
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 259
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 260
X-RAY DIFFRACTION 260
X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY . 260
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE . 261
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF REGENERATED
AND SPENT CATALYSTS . 261
CATALYST ACTIVITY DETERIORATION AND
REGENERABILITY . 261
FIGURE 24 AGING-INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL
CHANGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST CATALYST 262
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . 263
BULK CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 263
SURFACE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 263
OVERVIEW OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CATALYST
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES . 264
TABLE 82 SIGNIFICANCE OF CATALYST PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 265
HOMOGENEOUS VS. HETEROGENEOUS 265
OVERVIEW OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF CATALYST
ACTIVITY DETERIORATION . 266
TABLE 83 OVERVIEW OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF CATALYST
ACTIVITY DETERIORATION 266
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
REGENERATED CATALYSTS 267
TABLE 84 CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH, SPENT AND
REGENERATED HYDROTREATING CATALYSTS 267
TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) . 268
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN REGAINED ACTIVITY
FOLLOWING REGENERATION 268
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPENT CATALYSTS IN
COMPARISON TO OTHER RAW MATERIALS . 269
TABLE 85 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPENT HYDROTREATING
CATALYST AND OTHER RAW MATERIALS (WT.%) . 269
TABLE 86 COMPOSITION OF SPENT NICKEL CATALYSTS USED IN
HYDROGENATION OF EDIBLE FATS AND OILS (%) . 270
LABORATORY EVALUATION 270
LABORATORY SPENT CATALYST REGENERATION 271
FIGURE 25 LABORATORY SPENT CATALYST
REGENERATION/REJUVENATION SCHEME 272
INDUSTRIAL REGENERATION PROCESS 272
INDUSTRIAL REGENERATION PROCESS (CONTINUED) 273
CATALYST REGENERATION BY COMMERCIAL SPENT
CATALYST GENERATION REACTION AND REACTOR . 274
COMPANY REGENERATION TECHNOLOGIES . 274
TABLE 87 CATALYST REGENERATION SEGMENTATION BY
TECHNOLOGY, 2011 275
POROCEL . 275
TRICAT . 275
EURECAT 276
SCR-TECH 276
JOHNSON MATTHEY 276
ALBEMARLE . 276
UOP . 277
BABCOCK HITACHI KK 277
SÜD-CHEMIE 277
CATALYST MANAGEMENT . 277
CATALYST REGENERATION INSTRUMENTATION AND
SOFTWARE 278
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL COMPONENTS
(FLOW METERS, FLOW COMPUTERS, FLOW
INDICATORS, ANALYZERS, DETECTORS, SENSORS
AND VALVES) 279
Instrumentation and Control (Continued) . 280
TABLE 88 PLAYERS IN INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
COMPONENTS . 281
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) . 282
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) . 283
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) . 284
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) 285
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 285
TABLE 89 PLAYERS IN SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 286
TABLE 89 (CONTINUED) . 287
TABLE 89 (CONTINUED) . 288
NEW TECHNOLOGY . 289
DRIVERS OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION 289
CATALYST REGENERATION TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT 290
TABLE 90 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS . 290
TABLE 90 (CONTINUED) . 291
TABLE 90 (CONTINUED) . 292
NEW TECHNOLOGIES, PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENTS 292
New Technologies, Products … (Continued) 293
Higher Regeneration Catalyst Activity 294
New Propylene Catalyst 294
CCR and Advanced Desulfurization Process 294
Improving Catalyst Recycling with Organic Solvent
System 295
Thermal Desorption in Water . 296
Refinery (FCC and Hydroprocessing) Catalysts 296
Refinery (FCC (Continued) . 297
Refinery (FCC (Continued) . 298
Heterogeneous Diesel Catalysts . 299
Mercury Emissions 299
Mercury Emissions (Continued) . 300
NOx Adsorption Catalyst Regeneration in Refinery and
Power Generation . 301
Particulate Matter Filter Trap Regeneration and
Automotive NOx Storage Catalysts Regeneration 302
Particulate Matter (Continued) 303
TABLE 91 OVERVIEW TECHNOLOGY/PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS . 304
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) . 305
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) . 306
CHAPTER SEVEN: PATENTS 307
TABLE 92 EPO AND USPTO PATENT SEARCHES, 1996– 08/31/2011 . 307
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 307
REFINERY/CHEMICALS . 308
AUTOMOTIVE/ENGINES, EXHAUST, NOX ABATEMENT 309
PATENTS GRANTED TO AND APPLICATIONS FILED BY
MAJOR PLAYERS 310
APPLICATION AREAS . 311
PATENTS PENDING 312
PATENT SUMMARY TABLES . 313
TABLE 93 PENDING U.S. PATENTS BY MAIN PROCESS
APPLICATION, 2000–08/2011 (NO./%) 313
TABLE 94 U.S. PATENTS BY MAIN PROCESS APPLICATION, 1996–
08/2011 (NO./%) . 313
TABLE 95 EUROPEAN/WORLDWIDE PATENTS SEARCH RESULTS
BY MAIN PROCESS APPLICATION, 1996–08/2011 (NO./%) 313
PATENTS BY COMPANY . 314
TABLE 96 U.S. PATENTS BY COMPANY, 1996–08/2011 (NO.) . 314
TABLE 96 (CONTINUED) . 315
TABLE 97 PENDING U.S. PATENTS BY COMPANY AND MAIN
APPLICATION, 2001–08/2011 . 316
TABLE 97 (CONTINUED) . 317
TABLE 97 (CONTINUED) . 318
TABLE 98 EUROPEAN/WORLDWIDE PATENTS SEARCH RESULTS
BY COMPANY, 1996–08/2011 (NO.) . 319
TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) . 320
TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) . 321
TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) . 322
TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) . 323
CHAPTER EIGHT: COMPANY PROFILES . 324
INTRODUCTION . 324
INTRODUCTION (CONTINUED) 325
TOP THREE GLOBAL REGENERATION PLAYERS . 326
EURECAT 326
Eurecat U.S. Inc. 326
Recent Developments 327
Services and Technologies 328
Technology Licenses . 329
POROCEL . 329
Porocel Adsorbents, Catalysts & Services 329
Catalyst Recovery of Louisiana LLC (Manufacturing site) . 329
Recent Developments 330
Services and Technologies 330
Licenses for Technology 331
TRICAT . 331
Tricat GmbH Catalyst Service 331
Recent Developments 332
Services and Technologies 332
Licenses for Technology 333
OTHER PLAYERS IN THE MARKET 333
ACCELRYS INC. 333
ADVANCED METALLURGIC GROUP NV . 333
Advanced Metallurgic (U.S.) . 334
ADVANCED REFINING TECHNOLOGIES LLC 334
Licenses and Technologies 334
AL BILAD CATALYST CO. LTD. (ABC) 335
ALBEMARLE CORP. . 335
Recent Developments 336
Services and Technologies . 336
Total Catalyst Management . 336
REACT Technology . 337
Hydroprocessing Catalysts . 338
SULFICAT: TOTSUCAT STA X Technologies 338
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts 338
AlkyClean Technology 339
ARGILLON GMBH 339
AXENS SERVICES 339
New Developments 339
Services 340
BABCOCK HITACHI KK 340
New Developments 341
Services 341
BABCOCK POWER INC. 342
BASF . 342
Recent Developments 343
New Developments 343
BAYER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES GMBH 344
Bayer AG 345
CATALYSTS AND CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES CO. LTD. 345
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION CORP. 345
Services 346
CATALYTICA ENERGY SYSTEMS . 346
CATALYST REGENERATION SERVICES . 346
CHEMTRADE 346
CHENGDU DONGFANG KWH ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION CATALYSTS CO. LTD. . 347
ENVIROTHERM 347
CHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL LLC . 347
CHROMALOX 348
CLEAN HARBORS 348
COALOGIX . 348
New Developments 349
CORMETECH INC. . 349
New Developments 350
CRI/CRITERION INC./CRI/CRITERION CATALYST
COMPANY LTD. . 350
Recent Developments 350
Services and Technologies . 351
THE DOW CHEMICAL CO. 352
New Developments 352
DUPONT (E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS) 352
EBINGER KATALYSATOR SERVICE GMBH & CO. KG 353
ECO-RIGEN . 354
ENVIRONEX 354
ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS WORLDWIDE INC. . 355
ENVIROTHERM 355
EUROMET GROUP . 355
Services 356
EVONIK DEGUSSA 356
STEAG Energy Services LLC . 356
New Developments . 357
Services 357
FUEL TECH INC. 358
New Developments 358
FULL YIELD INDUSTRY CO. LTD. 358
GENERAL CHEMICAL CORP. (GENCHEM) . 359
GULF CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL CORP. (GCMC) 359
HAISHI INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD. . 360
HALDOR TOPSØE A/S 360
New Developments 360
Services and Technologies . 361
Catalyst Services. 362
Licenses and Technologies 362
HEADWATERS INC. /HTI 363
HERAEUS 363
HITACHI POWER SYSTEMS AMERICA LTD. (HPSA) . 363
HITACHI ZOSEN CORP. 364
New Developments 364
HUNTSMAN PETROCHEMICAL CORP . 365
IDEMITSU KOSAN CO. LTD. 365
IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES/INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE
PÉTROLE 365
INS (INSTYSTUT NAWOZÓW SZTUCZNCH) 366
INTERTEK . 366
Services 367
JEANBLANC INTERNATIONAL (JIL) . 367
JGC CATALYSTS AND CHEMICALS LTD. (JGC & CC) . 367
JOHNSON MATTHEY 368
Recent Developments 369
Services and Technologies . 370
TABLE 99 JOHNSON MATTHEY REFINING CATALYST RESIDUE
AND METAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES . 370
TABLE 99 (CONTINUED) . 371
KAIDA CO. . 371
LIQTECH INTERNATIONAL A/S 371
LONDON CHEMICALS & RESOURCES LTD. . 372
LYONDELLBASELL . 372
LyondellBasell (U.S.) . 372
METCHEM (METALCHEMIC RECYCLING BV 373
MITSUI CHEMICALS INC. 373
Recent Developments 373
MITSUBISHI CORP. . 374
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . 374
MORTIMER TECHNOLOGY HOLDINGS LTD./TORFTECH . 375
MOURIK INTERNATIONAL BV 375
MOXBA BV . 375
N.E. CHEMCAT CORP. . 376
NANO . 376
NIKKI-UNIVERSAL CO. LTD. . 376
NIPPON-KETJEN . 377
NIPPON SHOKUBAI CO., LTD. . 377
NOVA CHEMICALS 378
OXITENO . 378
PEMEX . 379
Recent Developments 379
PETROVAL 379
QUANZHOU JINGTAI MACHINERY TECHNOLOGY CO.
LTD. . 380
RENEGY HOLDINGS INC. 380
REPSOL YPF . 380
Recent Developments 380
RHODIA SA 381
SASOL 381
Recent Developments 382
SCR-TECH 382
Recent Developments 383
Services and Techniques . 383
SHOWA SHELL . 384
SINOPEC CATALYST CO. (SCC) . 385
(OY) SMOPTECH FINLAND 386
SÜD-CHEMIE 386
Süd-Chemie Inc. 386
Recent Developments 387
Services and Technologies 387
SYMYX TECH. . 388
SYNTROLEUM 388
Recent Developments 389
TAIYO KOKO CO. 389
TANAKA KIKINZOKU KOGYO KK . 390
TORFTECH GROUP 390
Torftech (Canada) Inc. . 390
TREIBACHER 391
UMICORE 391
UNIVATION . 392
UOP . 392
Recent Developments 392
Services and Technologies . 393
Catalyst Loading and Operational Services 394
Regeneration . 394
Technology Examples 394
FCC 394
CCR . 395
W.R. GRACE. 395
Recent Developments 396
YARA INTERNATIONAL ASA . 396
ZIBO HENGJI CHEMICAL CO. LTD. 397
APPENDIX 1 PATENT LISTINGS 398
TABLE 100 U.S. PATENTS, 1996–08/2011 . 398
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 399
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 400
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 401
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 402
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) 403
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 404
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 405
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 406
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 407
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 408
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 409
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 410
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 411
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 412
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 413
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) 414
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) 415
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 416
TABLE 100 (CONTINUED) . 417
TABLE 101 PENDING U.S. PATENTS, 2001–08/2011 417
TABLE 101 (CONTINUED) . 418
