Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination

Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination

The need for pure water is a problem of global proportions. With each passing year, the quality of the planet's water measurably deteriorates, presenting challenges for the major users. Water treatment has become an area of global concern as individuals, communities, industries, countries, and their national institutions strive for ways to keep this essential resource available and suitable for use.

Over the past 25 years, desalination systems have emerged as an effective solution to transform saline, brackish, and contaminated water into a useable and/or potable product. In addition to technical advances in the process, parallel price drops in the processes, especially membrane-based methods, have made desalination affordable for countries previously unable to consider the possibility. This has created a robust and rapidly growing market in which projects and corporate developments are constantly evolving. 
 

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

INTENDED AUDIENCE

SCOPE OF REPORT

INFORMATION SOURCES

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

RELATED PUBLICATIONS

BCC ONLINE SERVICES

DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

WATER QUALITY

WATER QUANTITY

FIGURE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH’S WATER

WATER QUANTITY (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 2 PROJECTED GLOBAL FRESHWATER STRESS, 1995 AND 2025

WATER SALINITY

TABLE 1 WATER SALINITY AND SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (MG/L)

TABLE 2 SALT CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS GLOBAL WATERS (PPM)

TABLE 3 WATER HARDNESS

SOURCE WATERS USED FOR DESALINATION

TABLE 4 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

FIGURE 3 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

DESALTED WATER END USES

TABLE 5 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)

DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

BRIEF HISTORY OF DESALINATION

FIGURE 5 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES

THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES

COMPARISON OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS

COMPARATIVE COSTS OF DESALINATION

TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 7 GLOBAL COMPARATIVE COSTS OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES ($/M3)

GLOBAL DESALINATION INSTALLATIONS

TABLE 8 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND CAPACITY, 1945-2007 (M3)

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS, 1945-2007

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY CAPACITY, 1945-2007 (M3)

TABLE 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE: OPERATING, UNDER CONSTRUCTION, AND PROPOSED, 2005 (M3/D)

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE (M3/D)

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY NUMBER OF PLANTS

TABLE 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES

REVERSE OSMOSIS

TABLE 11 MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS

NANOFILTRATION

ELECTRODIALYSIS

COST OF TECHNOLOGIES

CAPITAL COSTS

TABLE 12 GLOBAL CAPITAL COSTS OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (AVG. $/GAL. BY PLANT SIZE)

OPERATING COSTS

Operating Costs (Continued)

TABLE 13 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER WITH RO (%)

FIGURE 11 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER BY RO (%)

TABLE 14 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH RO (%)

FIGURE 12 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER BY RO (%)

COST TRENDS

FIGURE 13 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-2010 ($/1,000 GALS.)

FIGURE 14 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS.)

TABLE 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006

FIGURE 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006 ($/1,000 GALS.)

TABLE 16 TEN LARGEST SWRO PLANTS AS OF SEPTEMBER 2007

MARKET SHARE

TABLE 17 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

FIGURE 16 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

MARKET VALUE BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE

TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES

MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION

COST

TABLE 19 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)

FIGURE 18 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)

FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2005 ($/GAL.)

MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION

COST

TABLE 20 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)

FIGURE 20 COST ALLOWANCE OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)

VAPOR COMPRESSION

MARKET VALUE BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE

TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

CRYSTALLIZATION

FREEZING

GAS HYDRATE PROCESSES

MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

MEMSTILL

SOLAR HUMIDIFICATION

FLOW-THROUGH CAPACITOR

ION EXCHANGE

MARKET VALUE OF OTHER TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

WORLD MARKETS FOR DESALINATION

FIGURE 23 WORLD WATER WITHDRAWALS BY SECTOR (%)

FIGURE 23 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 23 ABSOLUTE WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES, PROJECTED TO 2025

TABLE 24 WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES, PROJECTED TO 2025

WORLD MARKET BY REGION

TABLE 25 MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 24 INSTALLED MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 26 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 25 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 27 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 26 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

NORTH AMERICA

Economic Trends

Water Needs

FIGURE 27 TOTAL U.S. FRESHWATER WITHDRAWALS BY STATE, 2000 (MGD)

Desalination Capacity

TABLE 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

FIGURE 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

TABLE 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

TABLE 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 30 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

OUTLOOK

The Heartland

FIGURE 31 POTENTIALLY USABLE WATER FROM U.S. SALINE AQUIFERS

The Mid-Atlantic

Oil, Gas, and Coal Basins

Inland Urban Areas

Coastal Urban Areas

Florida

The Tampa Bay Experience

The Tampa Bay … (Continued)

California

FIGURE 32 CALIFORNIA’S PROPOSED SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS

Texas

Texas (Continued)

FIGURE 33 TEXAS’ PROPOSED DESALINATION PLANTS VALUE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MARKET

VALUE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN … (CONTINUED)

TABLE 31 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 34 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

EUROPE

ECONOMIC TRENDS

WATER NEEDS

FIGURE 35 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2007

SPAIN

Outlook

ITALY

Outlook

MALTA

Outlook

CYPRUS

Outlook

GREECE

Outlook

U.K

Outlook

INSTALLED CAPACITY

TABLE 32 EUROPE’S INSTALLED CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 36 EUROPE’S INSTALLED CAPACITY (M3/D) BY COUNTRY, 2007 (%)

CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE (RES)

DESALINATION IN EUROPE

TABLE 33 RES-POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS IN EU-15 COUNTRIES, 2006 (M3/D)

VALUE OF THE EUROPEAN MARKET

Value of the European Market(Continued)

TABLE 34 EUROPEAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 37 EUROPEAN MARKET REVENUE FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA

ECONOMIC TRENDS

WATER NEEDS

FIGURE 38 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED MIDDLE EASTERN/AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 2007

SAUDI ARABIA

TABLE 35 SALINE WATER CONVERSION CORP. PLANTS, 1978-2006 (M3/D)

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

Outlook

UAE

Outlook

KUWAIT

Outlook

BAHRAIN

Outlook

ALGERIA

Outlook

LIBYA

Outlook

JORDAN

Outlook

QATAR

Outlook

EGYPT

Outlook

ISRAEL

Outlook

TUNISIA

Outlook

TURKEY

Outlook

SOUTH AFRICA

Outlook

VALUE OF THE MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET

TABLE 36 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 39 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

ASIA/PACIFIC

ECONOMIC TRENDS

WATER NEEDS

FIGURE 40 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED ASIA/PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2007

AUSTRALIA

Outlook

CHINA

Outlook

INDIA

Outlook

INDONESIA

Outlook

JAPAN

Outlook

THE PHILIPPINES

Outlook

SINGAPORE

Outlook

TAIWAN

Outlook

VALUE OF THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET

TABLE 37 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 41 MARKET REVENUE FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN

ECONOMIC TRENDS

WATER NEEDS

FIGURE 42 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED LATIN AMERICAN/CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES, 2007

THE BAHAMAS

Outlook

CHILE

Outlook

JAMAICA

Jamaica (Continued)

Outlook

MEXICO

TABLE 38 INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY IN MEXICO, 2006

(M3/D)

Outlook

VALUE OF THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET

TABLE 39 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 43 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

PATENT ANALYSIS

PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE

TABLE 40 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 44 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

PATENTS BY COMPANY

TABLE 41 PATENT SHARE BY COMPANY/INDIVIDUAL PATENT HOLDER (%)

TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 45 SHARE BY COMPANY (%)

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH TRENDS

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS

ENERGY RECOVERY

CO-LOCATION OF WATER AND POWER PRODUCTION

Integrating RO with Existing Power Plants

LARGE AREA MODULES

NF PRETREATMENT FOR THERMAL DESALINATION

RESEARCH TRENDS

DESALINATION AND WATER PURIFICATION ROADMAP

TABLE 42 DESALINATION AND WATER PURIFICATION ROADMAP: NATIONAL NEEDS AND RECOMMENDED R&D

TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)

THE LONG BEACH METHOD

AFFORDABLE DESALINATION COALITION

NEW MEMBRANE MATERIALS

Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites

CSIRO R&D

NanoH2O/UCLA R&D

Carbon Nanotubes

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory R&D

Aquaporins

AQUAporin AS R&D

NEW ENERGY OPTIONS

Renewable Energy Sources

TABLE 43 RECOMMENDED RES/DESALINATION COMBINATIONS

TABLE 44 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 46 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

Solar

Wind

TABLE 45 WIND POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS

Wave

Nuclear

Nuclear Desalination Projects

Nuclear … (Continued)

Hybrid RO/Thermal Plants

BRINE DISPOSAL

Emerging Treatment Methods

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

MARKET SHARE

TABLE 46 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

TABLE 46 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 47 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

COMPANY PROFILES

ABENGOA

ACCIONA SA/ACCIONA AGUA

TABLE 47 ACCIONA REFERENCE PLANTS

ACS/COBRA-TEDAGUA

AES CORP

AHMED ABDEL WARITH CONSULTING ENGINEERS

AQUALIA

AQUATECH INTERNATIONAL CORP.

AquaChem ICD

ARABIAN COMPANY FOR WATER & POWER

DEVELOPMENT

BIWATER, PLC

Biwater AEWT, Inc.

AL KAWTHER INDUSTRIES, LTD.

Bushnak Group,

CHRIST WATER TECHNOLOGY GROUP

Aqua Engineering GmbH,

CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO.

CONSOLIDATED WATER CO., LTD

DOOSAN HEAVY INDUSTRIES & CONSTRUCTION

DOW WATER SOLUTIONS

ENERGY RECOVERY, INC.

FERROVIAL GROUP/CADAGUA

Ferrovial Group,

FICHTNER GMBH

GENERAL ELECTRIC

GRAHAMTEK

HITACHI ZOSEN CORP.

HYFLUX, LTD.

IDE TECHNOLOGIES, LTD

ILF CONSULTING ENGINEERS

IMPREGILO GROUP

Fisia Italimpianti

TABLE 48 FISIA REFERENCE PLANTS

INIMA

INTERNATIONAL POWER

ITOCHU CORP.

ITT AQUIOUS

JGC CORP.

KINDASA WATER SERVICES

KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

KULJIAN CORP.

KURITA WATER INDUSTRIES

LAHMEYER INTERNATIONAL GMBH

LYNG GROUP/AQUALYNG

MARUBENI CORP.

MALAKOFF

METITO (OVERSEAS), LTD

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES

MUBADALA DEVELOPMENT CO.

NATIONAL POWER CO

Zamil Group

NITTO DENKO

Hydranautics, Inc.

ORGANO CORP

PB POWER

POSEIDON RESOURCES CORP.

PUMP ENGINEERING, INC.

REGGIANE CRANES & PLANTS DIVISION

Fantuzi Reggiane

SADYT

SAEHAN INDUSTRIES, INC.

SASAKURA ENGINEERING

SAUDI OGER, LTD.

SEMBCORP UTILITIES PTE, LTD.

SEPARATION PROCESSES, INC.

SETE TECHNICAL SERVICES

SIEMENS WATER TECHNOLOGIES

VA Tech Wabag

SIDMAS

SNAMPROGETTI S.P.A.

Eni Saipem

SNC LAVALIN

SOGEX OMAN CO., LLC

SUMITOMO CORP.

SUEZ

Degrémont/Suez

Suez Energy International (SEI)

Tractebel Engineering/Suez

TABLE 49 SUEZ REFERENCE PLANTS (M3/D)

TAPROGGE GMBH

TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD

TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO. (TEPCO)

MITSUI & CO., LTD.

TORAY INDUSTRIES

TOYO ENGINEERING

TOYOBO CO., LTD

VEOLIA WATER SOLUTIONS & TECHNOLOGIES

APPENDIX

TABLE 50 PATENT SURVEY, JANUARY 1, 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 4, 2007

TABLE 50 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 50 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 51 PATENT SURVEY, 2006

TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 52 PATENT SURVEY, 2005

TABLE 52 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 52 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 53 PATENT SURVEY, 2004

TABLE 53 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 53 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 53 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 53 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 54 PATENT SURVEY, 2003

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 55 PATENT SURVEY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2002 TO DECEMBER 31, 2002

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 1 WATER SALINITY AND SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (MG/L)

TABLE 2 SALT CONCENTRATIONS OF VARIOUS GLOBAL WATERS (PPM)

TABLE 3 WATER HARDNESS

TABLE 4 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

TABLE 5 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)

TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 7 GLOBAL COMPARATIVE COSTS OF THERMAL AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES ($/M3)

TABLE 8 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS AND CAPACITY, 1945-2007 (M3)

TABLE 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE: OPERATING, UNDER CONSTRUCTION, AND PROPOSED, 2005 (M3/D)

TABLE 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

TABLE 11 MEMBRANE MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS

TABLE 12 GLOBAL CAPITAL COSTS OF MEMBRANE DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (AVG. $/GAL. BY PLANT SIZE)

TABLE 13 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER WITH RO (%)

TABLE 14 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER WITH RO (%)

TABLE 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006

TABLE 16 TEN LARGEST SWRO PLANTS AS OF SEPTEMBER 2007

TABLE 17 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 19 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)

TABLE 20 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)

TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 23 ABSOLUTE WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES, PROJECTED TO 2025

TABLE 24 WATER STRESS OR SHORTAGE IN THE 20 MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES, PROJECTED TO 2025

TABLE 25 MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 26 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 27 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

TABLE 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

TABLE 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 31 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 32 EUROPE’S INSTALLED CAPACITY BY COUNTRY, 2007 (M3/D)

TABLE 33 RES-POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS IN EU-15 COUNTRIES, 2006 (M3/D)

TABLE 34 EUROPEAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 35 SALINE WATER CONVERSION CORP. PLANTS, 1978-2006 (M3/D)

TABLE 36 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 37 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 38 INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY IN MEXICO, 2006 (M3/D)

TABLE 39 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 40 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

TABLE 41 PATENT SHARE BY COMPANY/INDIVIDUAL PATENT HOLDER (%)

TABLE 42 DESALINATION AND WATER PURIFICATION ROADMAP: NATIONAL NEEDS AND RECOMMENDED R&D

TABLE 43 RECOMMENDED RES/DESALINATION COMBINATIONS

TABLE 44 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

TABLE 45 WIND POWERED DESALINATION PLANTS

TABLE 46 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

TABLE 47 ACCIONA REFERENCE PLANTS

TABLE 48 FISIA REFERENCE PLANTS

TABLE 49 SUEZ REFERENCE PLANTS (M3/D)

TABLE 50 PATENT SURVEY, JANUARY 1, 2007 TO SEPTEMBER 4, 2007

TABLE 51 PATENT SURVEY, 2006

TABLE 52 PATENT SURVEY, 2005

TABLE 53 PATENT SURVEY, 2004

TABLE 54 PATENT SURVEY, 2003

TABLE 55 PATENT SURVEY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2002 TO DECEMBER 31, 2002

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR SEAWATER AND BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION PLANTS, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH’S WATER

FIGURE 2 PROJECTED GLOBAL FRESHWATER STRESS, 1995 AND 2025

FIGURE 3 TOTAL WORLD DESALINATION CAPACITY BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL DESALTED WATER END USES AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CAPACITY (%)

FIGURE 5 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY NUMBER OF PLANTS, 1945-2007

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS BY CAPACITY, 1945-2007 (M3)

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY PLANT SIZE (M3/D)

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY NUMBER OF PLANTS

FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 11 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING BRACKISH WATER BY RO (%)

FIGURE 12 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATING SEAWATER BY RO (%)

FIGURE 13 GLOBAL COST TRENDS FOR MEMBRANE DESALINATION INCLUDING DEBT SERVICE AND OPERATING EXPENSES, 1980-2010 ($/1,000 GALS.)

FIGURE 14 SEAWATER ELEMENT COST, 1978-2005 ($/1,000 GALS.)

FIGURE 15 GLOBAL SEAWATER DESALINATION COST REDUCTIONS, 1991-2006 ($/1,000 GALS.)

FIGURE 16 GLOBAL MEMBRANE MANUFACTURER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)

FIGURE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 18 COST ALLOCATION OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MSF (%)

FIGURE 19 GLOBAL MSF DESALINATION COST TRENDS, 1955-2005 ($/GAL.)

FIGURE 20 COST ALLOWANCE OF DESALINATED WATER PRODUCTION WITH MED (%)

FIGURE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY THERMAL TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 23 WORLD WATER WITHDRAWALS BY SECTOR (%)

FIGURE 24 INSTALLED MEMBRANE AND THERMAL DESALINATION CAPACITY BY WORLD REGION, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 25 COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 26 MARKET FORECAST BY WORLD REGION, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 27 TOTAL U.S. FRESHWATER WITHDRAWALS BY STATE, 2000 (MGD)

FIGURE 28 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY SOURCE WATER TYPE (%)

FIGURE 29 U.S. DESALINATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 30 U.S. STATES WITH THE LARGEST INSTALLED DESALINATION CAPACITY, 2007 (M3/D)

FIGURE 31 POTENTIALLY USABLE WATER FROM U.S. SALINE AQUIFERS

FIGURE 32 CALIFORNIA’S PROPOSED SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS

FIGURE 33 TEXAS’ PROPOSED DESALINATION PLANTS FIGURE 34 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 35 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 2007

FIGURE 36 EUROPE’S INSTALLED CAPACITY (M3/D) BY COUNTRY, 2007 (%)

FIGURE 37 EUROPEAN MARKET REVENUE FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 38 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED MIDDLE EASTERN/AFRICAN COUNTRIES, 2007

FIGURE 39 MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA MARKET FORECAST BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 40 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS, AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED ASIA/PACIFIC COUNTRIES, 2007

FIGURE 41 MARKET REVENUE FOR THE ASIA/PACIFIC MARKET, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 42 AVAILABLE WATER, WATER WITHDRAWALS AND POPULATION GROWTH IN SELECTED LATIN AMERICAN/CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES, 2007

FIGURE 43 MARKET FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN MARKET, 2000-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 44 PATENT SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 45 SHARE BY COMPANY (%)

FIGURE 46 GLOBAL SHARE OF RES-POWERED DESALINATION BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE (%)

FIGURE 47 DESALINATION PLANT SUPPLIER MARKET SHARES, 2007 (%)