Large and Advanced Battery Technology and Markets

• Publication date: January 2008

Until about 20 years ago, the U.S. battery market was considered mature, with demand closely related to sales of either automobiles or various consumer products. Since then, advanced batteries have helped spark a dramatic change in this relationship. ``Large and advanced battery`` is an arbitrary designation developed by BCC Research to describe a market-driven battery classification. As defined in this report, large and advanced batterie...

Until about 20 years ago, the U.S. battery market was considered mature, with demand closely related to sales of either automobiles or various consumer products. Since then, advanced batteries have helped spark a dramatic change in this relationship.

``Large and advanced battery`` is an arbitrary designation developed by BCC Research to describe a market-driven battery classification. As defined in this report, large and advanced batteries must have three attributes-they must be secondary (rechargeable) electrochemical energy storage devices (batteries), ``large`` in terms of size and energy capacity, and technologically advanced.

This definition excludes all primary (nonrechargeable) batteries and all lead-acid automotive batteries, as well as all A, C, and D cylindrical batteries and button cells. Nonautomotive lead-acid batteries are included. Many portable product batteries, including computer power, portable tools, and battery-powered lawn care products are included.

Several entirely new classes of advanced batteries have been commercialized during the last 20 years, including nickel-metal hydride, secondary lithium, and zinc-air designs. Meanwhile, improved microelectronic battery charger controller technology is allowing the commercialization of entire new classes of batteries (notably rechargeable alkaline and lithium-ion) often at the expense of previously important battery systems (notably nickel-cadmium and portable product lead-acid). This, in turn, has allowed the commercialization of portable products that would have been impossible without improved battery chargers, including portable computers and portable cordless hand tools.

As this synergy continues to develop, there are areas where the advanced battery industry could experience the explosive growth usually associated with emerging industries. Battery designers (mainly electrochemists) and battery charger designers (mainly electrical and electronics specialists) will continue to operate together, with new batteries and new battery chargers evolving together to produce even higher performance products.  
 

Global Energy Industry

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

GLOBALIZATION

NEW MARKETS

NEW BATTERY TYPES

INTENDED AUDIENCE

SCOPE OF REPORT

METHODOLOGY

INFORMATION SOURCES

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

BCC ONLINE SERVICES

DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

BATTERY BACKGROUND

TABLE 1 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY SYSTEMS

TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)

BATTERY SYSTEMS

GENERAL BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

Voltage

Capacity

Shelf Life

Drain

Safety

Safety (Continued)

Energy Density

Power

Recharge Time

Primary Battery Size and Shape

Cycle Life

Disposal Factors

COMMERCIAL SECONDARY BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 2 COMMERCIAL SECONDARY BATTERY TYPES

TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

BATTERY DESCRIPTIONS

LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

Lead-Acid Traction Batteries

Lead-Acid Sealed Appliance Batteries

Lead-Acid UPS Batteries

State of the Art and Recent Developments

State of the Art and … (Continued)

State of the Art and … (Continued)

TABLE 3 LEAD-ACID BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT

DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)

Applications and Markets

Lead-Acid Traction Batteries

Lead-Acid Sealed Appliance Batteries

Lead-Acid UPS Batteries

Technical and Market Challenges

Large and advanced Lead-Acid Market Summary

TABLE 4 GLOBAL LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES

Nickel-cadmium Batteries (Continued)

State of the Art and Recent Developments

Applications/Markets

Large and advanced Nickel-Cadmium Market Summary

TABLE 5 GLOBAL NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

NICKEL-HYDROGEN BATTERIES

State of the Art and Recent Developments

Applications and Markets

Technical and Market Challenges

NICKEL-IRON BATTERIES

NICKEL-ZINC BATTERIES

State of the Art and Recent Developments

Applications/Markets

Technical and Market Challenges

NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

Nickel-metal Hydride Batteries (Continued)

State of the Art and Recent Developments

State of the Art … (Continued)

State of the Art … (Continued)

State of the Art … (Continued)

State of the Art … (Continued)

TABLE 6 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)

Applications and Markets

Technical and Market Challenges

Large and advanced Nickel-Metal Hydride Market

Summary

TABLE 7 GLOBAL NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)

Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (including Lithium-ion

and Lithium-polymer)

TABLE 8 NON LITHIUM-ION RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY CONFIGURATIONS

TABLE 8 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 9 NON LITHIUM-ION RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY STATUS

Lithium-Ion Compared with Lithium-Ion Polymer

Lithium-Ion … (Continued)

Lithium-Ion as Smart Batteries

Lithium-Ion … (Continued)

Lithium-Ion … (Continued)

TABLE 10 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM (SBS) STAKEHOLDERS

State of the Art and Recent Developments

State of the Art … (Continued)

TABLE 11 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 11 (CONTINUED)

Applications and Markets

Technical and Market Challenges

Large and advanced Lithium Market Summary

TABLE 12 GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM BATTERIES

High-temperature …(Continued)

High-temperature …(Continued)

State of the Art and Recent Developments

TABLE 13 HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM-IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R&D

TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM BATTERY RESEARCH

Applications and Markets

SILVER-BASED SECONDARY BATTERIES

Silver-Zinc Batteries

Silver-Cadmium Batteries

Silver-Iron Batteries

Silver-Polymer Batteries

State of the Art and Recent Developments

Applications and Markets

Large and advanced Specialty Market Summary

TABLE 15 GLOBAL SPECIALTY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

METAL-AIR BATTERIES

Aluminum-Air Batteries

Aluminum-Air Batteries (Continued)

TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ALUMINUMAIR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

ZINC-AIR BATTERIES

TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ZINC-AIR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 17 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 17 (CONTINUED)

Hybrid Zinc-Air/Manganese-Dioxide Batteries

Iron-Air Batteries

Lithium-Air Batteries

Magnesium-Air Batteries

Magnesium-Air Batteries (Continued)

Metal-Air Materials

Metal-Air Materials (Continued)

Metal-Air Battery Market Trends

Large and advanced Metal-Air Market Summary

TABLE 18 GLOBAL METAL-AIR BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

Sodium-sulfur Batteries (Continued)

State of the Art and Recent Developments

TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC SODIUMSULFUR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

State of the Art … (Continued)

Sodium-Sulfur Battery Market Trends

REDOX AND FLOW BATTERIES

Zinc-Chloride Batteries

Zinc-Bromine Redox Batteries

Zinc-Bromine … (Continued)

Chromium-Chloride/Iron-Chloride Redox Batteries

Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRBs)

Vanadium … (Continued)

Vanadium Redox … (VRBs)

Sodium-Bromide Batteries

EXPLORATORY BATTERIES

Calcium-Metal-Sulfide Batteries

Sodium-Metal Chloride Batteries (ZEBRA)

Large and advanced Developmental Market Summary

TABLE 20 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

COMPETING ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

Hybrid Battery Systems

Hybrid … (Continued)

Hybrid … (Continued)

Capacitive Energy Storage

TABLE 21 COMPARISON BETWEEN CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE AND LARGE ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE BATTERIES

TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 22 COMPARISON OF CAPACITOR, ULTRACAPACITOR AND BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

Nuclear Batteries

Nuclear … (Continued)

Flywheel Energy Storage

Fuel Cells

Alkaline Fuel Cells

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET APPLICATIONS

SUMMARY OF LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKETS

LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET ANALYSIS CONVENTIONS

Market Value Model

Market Value Model (Continued)

Definitions of Regions

Analysis Duration

Monetary Conventions

MOTIVE POWER LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKETS

TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERIES

Traction and Marine Battery Background

Traction and … (Continued)

Traction and … (Continued)

Traction and … (Continued)

Traction and … (Continued)

Traction and Marine Battery Market Summary

TABLE 23 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 24 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 1 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Aviation Battery Background

Aviation Battery Market Summary

TABLE 25 GLOBAL AVIATION BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 26 GLOBAL AVIATION MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 2 GLOBAL AVIATION MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

PORTABLE PRODUCT LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY

MARKETS

Computer Battery Background

Computer Battery Market Summary

TABLE 27 PORTABLE COMPUTING PRODUCT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 28 PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 29 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 30 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Hand Tools and Lawn Care Product Background

Hand Tools … (Continued)

Hand Tools and Lawn Care Product Market Summary

TABLE 31 PORTABLE TOOLS DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 32 PORTABLE TOOL BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 33 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012

($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 34 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

MILITARY/AEROSPACE PORTABLE PRODUCT BATTERIES

Military/Aerospace Portable Product Battery Background

TABLE 35 MILITARY/AEROSPACE PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

Military/Aerospace … (Continued)

Military/Aerospace … (Continued)

Military/Aerospace Portable Product Battery Market

Summary

TABLE 36 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 37 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 38 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 5 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

STATIONARY POWER LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKETS

UPS Battery Background

UPS Battery Market Summary

TABLE 39 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 39 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 40 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Emergency Lighting Battery Background

Emergency Lighting Battery Market Summary

TABLE 41 GLOBAL EMERGENCY LIGHTING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 42 GLOBAL EMERGENCY LIGHTING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)

Remote Power and Alternative Energy Storage Battery

Background

Remote Power and Alternative Energy Storage Battery

Market Summary

TABLE 43 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 44 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

HEV BACKGROUND

Pollution Abatement

Electric Utility Efficiency

Promotion of Domestic Energy Sources

Maintaining Technological Competitiveness

HEV BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY

Toyota HEV Market Status

TABLE 45 TOYOTA AND LEXUS HYBRID VEHICLE SALES BY YEAR, 1997 TO MAY 2007 (UNIT = 1,000 VEHICLES)

TABLE 46 CUMULATIVE SALES OF MAIN TOYOTA AND LEXUS HYBRID PASSENGER VEHICLES BY MODEL, 1997 TO MAY 2007 (UNIT = 1,000 VEHICLES)

Toyota HEV … (Continued)

TABLE 47 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 48 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

DEVELOPMENTAL MARKETS

AUTOMOTIVE BATTERIES

Automotive Battery Background

Automotive Battery Market Summary

TABLE 49 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 50 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Plug-In Battery Background

Plug-In Battery … (Continued)

University and Government Plug-In and Advanced HEV

Studies

University of California Low Carbon Fuel Standard

University … (Continued)

Electric Power Research Institute

Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability

University … (Continued)

University … (Continued)

U.S. DOE/EERE’s Office of FreedomCAR and

Vehicle Technologies (OFVCT)

Summary Report: Discussion Meeting on

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

- Participants

- Background

- Vehicle Technology

- Electric Distribution

- Potential Show Stoppers

- Unknowns/Data Needs

- Recommendations/Opportunities for

DOE

- Current Activities and Next Steps

EPRI and the Natural Resources Defense Council

TABLE 51 PROJECTED ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM PHEVS IN THE YEAR 2050 (MILLION MT)

TABLE 52 PEAK NEW VEHICLE MARKET SHARE IN 2050 FOR THE THREE PHEV ADOPTION SCENARIOS (%)

Plug-in Battery Market Summary

TABLE 53 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 54 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Utility Load Leveling Background

TABLE 55 JABEESS LOAD-LEVELING OPTIONS

Utility Load … (Continued)

Utility Load-leveling Battery Market Summary

TABLE 56 GLOBAL LOAD-LEVELING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 57 GLOBAL LOAD-LEVELING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

Developmental Military/Aerospace Background

Developmental Military/Aerospace Market Summary

Military Electric Vehicles Scenario

Military … (Continued)

Battery-Powered Fighting Vehicle Scenario

Battery-Powered … (Continued)

Battery-Powered … (Continued)

Battery-Powered … (Continued)

Military Automated Factory Scenario

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Revival Scenario

Developmental Military Battery Market Summary

TABLE 58 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 59 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET SUMMARY

TABLE 60 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 61 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS

THE DRIVING FORCES OF THE INDUSTRY

TREND ANALYSIS

TABLE 62 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET (END-USE) TRENDS

DRIVING FORCE NUMBER 1: PATENT SITUATION

Patent Disputes

Patent Disputes (Continued)

DRIVING FORCE 2: IMPROVING BATTERY TECHNICAL

MATURITY

DRIVING FORCE 3: DEVELOPING NEW APPLICATIONS

FOR LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERIES

DRIVING FORCE 4: ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR

ADVANCED BATTERIES

Driving Force 4: (Continued)

Driving Force 4 (Continued)

Fullerenes

Fullerenes (Continued)

Conductive Polymers

TABLE 63 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES

Battery Separators

DRIVING FORCE 5: PUBLIC SECTOR R&D

TABLE 64 PUBLIC SECTOR R&D

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 64 (CONTINUED)

DRIVING FORCE 6: BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL AND

PRODUCT SAFETY

The Manufacturing and Assembly Process

TABLE 65 GENERIC BATTERY MANUFACTURING TREE

Product Safety Issues

Alternative Designs

Recent Lithium Battery Patents that Address

Battery Safety

Recent … (Continued)

Material Safety Issues

Material Safety … (Continued)

MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION

FACTORS

TABLE 66 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY CONCENTRATION FACTORS

TABLE 66 (CONTINUED)

MARKET SEGMENTATION FACTORS

TABLE 67 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)

INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES

TABLE 68 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY COMPANIES AND IMPORTANT MANUFACTURING SITES

TABLE 68 (CONTINUED)

DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

TABLE 69 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

TABLE 69 (CONTINUED)

INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES

TABLE 70 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES

RETAIL PRICE TRENDS

TABLE 71 TYPICAL RETAIL ADVANCED BATTERY PRICES, 1996-2007 ($)

COMPANY PROFILES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

A123SYSTEMS

A123SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

A123SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

A123SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

A123SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

AC DELCO

ACME ELECTRIC CORP

ADVANCED BATTERY SYSTEMS

AEA TECHNOLOGY

ADVANCED BATTERY SYSTEMS

ADVANCED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (ABAT)

ABAT (U.S.)

ABAT (Continued)

ALCAD, LTD

ALCAD, INC. (U.S.)

ALL POWER BATTERY

ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES

ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)

ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)

ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES (CONTINUED)

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER (AEP)

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER (AEP) (CONTINUED)

ANTIQUE AUTO BATTERY

APPLE COMPUTER, INC

APPLIED POWER, INC.

ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY

AROTECH CORP

ELECTRIC FUEL BATTERY CORP.

EPSILOR ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES, LTD.

ARTHUR D. LITTLE, INC.

ATLANTIC BATTERY CO.

AVESTOR (HYDRO-QUÉBEC AND KERR MCGEE)

AVESTOR … (CONTINUED)

AVESTOR … (CONTINUED)

AXEON

AXION POWER INTERNATIONAL, INC

BATTERY-BIZ

BATTERY BUILDERS, INC. (BBI)

BATTERY CLINIC, INC

BATTERYCORP

BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC.

BATTERY TECHNOLOGY, INC. (BTI)

BELL CITY BATTERIES

B.B. BATTERY

BETA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

BOLDER TECHNOLOGIES (GP BATTERIES INTERNATIONAL)

BOSTON-POWER

BOUNDLESS CORP

BREN-TRONICS

BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY

BROWN UNIVERSITY

BYD BATTERIES

CADEX ELECTRONICS, INC.

C&D TECHNOLOGIES, INC

CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY

CELL-CON

CHINA BAK BATTERY, INC.

CHINA DIGITAL COMMUNICATION GROUP

CHINA DIGITAL COMMUNICATION GROUP (USA)

CONCORD BATTERY CORP

COVALENT ASSOCIATES, INC.

CROWN BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO

CSB BATTERY OF AMERICA CORP.

CYMBET CORP.

DELPHI AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS

DOUGLAS BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO

DYNACELL CORP.

DYNO BATTERY, INC

EAGLEPICHER CORP

EAST PENN MANUFACTURING CO.

ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES (ECD OVONICS)

OVONIC BATTERY CO

COBASYS

Cobasys (Continued)

Cobasys (Continued)

EIC LABORATORIES

ELECTRO ENERGY, INC

ELECTRO ENERGY, INC. (CONTINUED)

ELECTRO ENERGY, INC. (CONTINUED)

ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL)

ELECTROVAYA (ELECTROFUEL) (CONTINUED)

ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL)

ENER1, INC. (ENERDEL) (CONTINUED)

ENFUCELL

E-ONE MOLI ENERGY

NEC

ENERGIZER

ENERIZE CORP.

ENERSYS, INC

ENERSYS, INC. (CONTINUED)

ERGENICS

EVERCEL, INC

EXCELLATRON SOLID STATE

EXIDE TECHNOLOGIES

EVEREXCEED INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD

EVIONYX, INC.

FARASIS ENERGY

FIAMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC

FIREFLY ENERGY

FIREFLY ENERGY (CONTINUED)

FIREFLY ENERGY (CONTINUED)

FUJI PHOTO FILM CO., LTD

FURUKAWA BATTERY CO.

GP BATTERIES (GOLD PEAK INTERNATIONAL)

GREATBATCH, INC.

HARDING ENERGY, INC.

MAXELL WORLDWIDE

MAWELL CORPORATION OF AMERICA

HONEYWELL BATTERIES

HYB BATTERY CO., LTD. (HUA-YUE-BAO BATTERY)

HYDRO-QUEBEC

HYMOTION

HUANYU BATTERY

IBM CORP

INDUSTRIAL BATTERY ENGINEERING

INDUSTRIAL BATTERY PRODUCTS

INFINITE POWER SOLUTIONS

INNERGY POWER CORP. (AN ECOTALITY COMPANY)

INNERGY POWER CORP….(CONTINUED)

IQ POWER AG

JOHNSON CONTROLS

JOHNSON CONTROLS (CONTINUED)

KEYSTONE BATTERY CORP

KOKAM AMERICA, INC.

LG CHEM, LTD.

LG CHEM AMERICA, INC.

LITHIUM POWER TECHNOLOGIES

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC)

GAIA AKKUMULATORENWERKE GMBH

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) (CONTINUED)

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) (CONTINUED)

LITHIUM TECHNOLOGY CORP. (LTC) (CONTINUED)

MAGPOWER SYSTEMS, INC.

MARATHONNORCO AEROSPACE, INC

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT)

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE … (CONTINUED)

MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. (PANASONIC)

MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC CORP. OF AMERICA

PANASONIC BATTERIES

MAXPOWER, INC.

MEDTRONIC, INC.

MES-DEA SA

MINIMAX ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

MOLTECH CORP.

MULTIPLIER INDUSTRIES

NAMIL BATTERY

NAMIL BATTERY (U.S.)

NEC CORP. (E-ONE MOLI ENERGY)

NEC CORP. (E-ONE MOLI ENERGY) (CONTINUED)

NEC CORP. (E-ONE MOLI ENERGY) (CONTINUED)

NEXCELL BATTERY

NEXERGY

NGK INSULATORS

NGK CERAMICS USA, INC

NISSAN MOTOR CO

OAK RIDGE MICRO-ENERGY, INC.

OAK RIDGE MICRO-ENERGY, INC. (CONTINUED)

ODYNE CORP

POLYPLUS BATTERY CO

POWER BATTERY CO

POWERGENIX

POWER PAPER, LTD

POWER SONIC CORP.

POWERZINC ELECTRIC, INC.

POWER TECHNOLOGY

POWER TECHNOLOGY (U.S.)

PURE ENERGY VISIONS, INC. (ENERGY VISIONS, INC.)

QUALLION, LLC

RAE STORAGE BATTERY

RAMCAR

REACO BATTERY SERVICE CORP

REGENESYS TECHNOLOGIES, LTD.

RENATA BATTERIES

RICARDO

ROLLS BATTERY ENGINEERING

SAFT

SAFT AMERICA, INC.

Saft America, Inc. (Continued)

SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.

SANYO ELECTRIC CO. USA

SEIKO ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, LTD.

SETO HOLDINGS, INC.

SHIN KOBE

SOLICORE, INC.

SOLICORE, INC. (CONTINUED)

SONY CORP

SONY (USA.)

Sony (USA) (Continued)

Sony (USA) (Continued)

TABLE 72 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BATTERY

AND NEXELION

SRI INTERNATIONAL

STORAGE BATTERY SYSTEMS, INC.

SUPERIOR BATTERY MANUFACTURING

SWIFT INDUSTRIAL POWER

TADIRAN BATTERIES

TADIRAN BATTERIES (U.S.)

TELCORDIA

ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH GROUP (ESRG)

TIAX

TELEDYNE CONTINENTAL

TESLA MOTORS

TESLA MOTORS (CONTINUED)

T/J TECHNOLOGIES

TOSHIBA BATTERY CO., LTD

TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC.

Toshiba America, Inc. (Continued)

TNR TECHNICAL, INC.

TRACER TECHNOLOGIES

TROJAN BATTERY CO.

TUNGSTONE BATTERIES, INC.

ULTRALIFE BATTERIES, INC.

ULTRALIFE BATTERIES, INC. (CONTINUED)

UNIROSS BATTERIES CORP

UNIROSS BATTERIES CORP (U.S.)

U.S. BATTERY MANUFACTURING CO.

USCAR

VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC

VALENCE TECHNOLOGY, INC. (CONTINUED)

VARTA AG (VARTA BATTERIES, INC.)

VARTA MICROBATTERY (USA)

VOLTAFLEX

VRB POWER SYSTEMS

VRB POWER SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

VRB POWER SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

YARDNEY

YUASA, INC. (GS YUASA CORP., YUASA BATTERY AMERICA,

INC., YUASA-EXIDE, JAPAN STORAGE BATTERY)

JAPAN STORAGE BATTERY

Japan Storage Battery (Continued)

ZBB ENERGY CORP

ZPOWER (ZINC MATRIX POWER)

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 1 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY SYSTEMS

TABLE 2 COMMERCIAL SECONDARY BATTERY TYPES

TABLE 3 LEAD-ACID BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 4 GLOBAL LEAD-ACID BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 5 GLOBAL NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 6 NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 7 GLOBAL NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 8 NON LITHIUM-ION RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY CONFIGURATIONS

TABLE 9 NON LITHIUM-ION RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY STATUS

TABLE 10 SMART BATTERY SYSTEM (SBS) STAKEHOLDERS

TABLE 11 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY COMPANIES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 12 GLOBAL LITHIUM BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 13 HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM-IRON SULFIDE BATTERY R&D

TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM BATTERY RESEARCH

TABLE 15 GLOBAL SPECIALTY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ALUMINUM-AIR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC ZINC-AIR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 18 GLOBAL METAL-AIR BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF CURRENT AND HISTORIC SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERY COMPANIES AND DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 20 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 21 COMPARISON BETWEEN CAPACITIVE ENERGY STORAGE AND LARGE ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE BATTERIES

TABLE 22 COMPARISON OF CAPACITOR, ULTRACAPACITOR AND BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 23 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 24 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 25 GLOBAL AVIATION BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 26 GLOBAL AVIATION MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 27 PORTABLE COMPUTING PRODUCT MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 28 PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 29 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 30 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 31 PORTABLE TOOLS DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 32 PORTABLE TOOL BATTERY DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 33 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 34 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 35 MILITARY/AEROSPACE PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERY APPLICATIONS

TABLE 36 PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT DRIVING FORCES AND MARKET DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 37 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 38 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 39 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 40 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 41 GLOBAL EMERGENCY LIGHTING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 42 GLOBAL EMERGENCY LIGHTING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 43 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 44 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 45 TOYOTA AND LEXUS HYBRID VEHICLE SALES BY YEAR, 1997 TO MAY 2007 (UNIT = 1,000 VEHICLES)

TABLE 46 CUMULATIVE SALES OF MAIN TOYOTA AND LEXUS HYBRID PASSENGER VEHICLES BY MODEL, 1997 TO MAY 2007 (UNIT = 1,000 VEHICLES)

TABLE 47 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 48 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 49 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 50 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 51 PROJECTED ANNUAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM PHEVS IN THE YEAR 2050 (MILLION MT)

TABLE 52 PEAK NEW VEHICLE MARKET SHARE IN 2050 FOR THE THREE PHEV ADOPTION SCENARIOS (%)

TABLE 53 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 54 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 55 JABEESS LOAD-LEVELING OPTIONS

TABLE 56 GLOBAL LOAD-LEVELING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 57 GLOBAL LOAD-LEVELING BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 58 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 59 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL MILITARY BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 60 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 61 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 62 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET (END-USE) TRENDS

TABLE 63 CONDUCTIVE POLYMER BATTERY ENERGY DENSITIES

TABLE 64 PUBLIC SECTOR R&D

TABLE 65 GENERIC BATTERY MANUFACTURING TREE

TABLE 66 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY CONCENTRATION FACTORS

TABLE 67 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET SEGMENTATION AND MARKET FORCES

TABLE 68 GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY COMPANIES AND IMPORTANT MANUFACTURING SITES

TABLE 69 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

TABLE 70 LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY PURCHASING INFLUENCES

TABLE 71 TYPICAL RETAIL ADVANCED BATTERY PRICES, 1996-2007 ($)

TABLE 72 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL BATTERY AND NEXELION

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL LARGE AND ADVANCED BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY APPLICATION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 1 GLOBAL TRACTION AND MARINE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 2 GLOBAL AVIATION MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PORTABLE COMPUTER BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 4 GLOBAL HAND TOOL AND LAWN CARE PRODUCT MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 5 GLOBAL PORTABLE MILITARY PRODUCT BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 6 GLOBAL UPS BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 7 GLOBAL REMOTE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 8 GLOBAL HEV MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)

FIGURE 9 GLOBAL PLUG-IN BATTERY MARKET PROJECTIONS BY REGION, 2001-2012 ($ MILLIONS)