Quantum Dots: Technical Status and Market Prospects

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Quantum Dots: Technical Status and Market Prospects

Report price : $ 4 850
Publication date : September 2008

Among the many subsets of nanomaterials, quantum dots (QDs) are like no other. At dimensions typically below 10 nanometers, nanocrystalline (nc) semiconductors (SC), metals, and magnetic materials can all exhibit extraordinary quantum confinement phenomenon. Basically, at these dimensions, their physical size encroaches upon the fundamental quantum confinement dimensions of orbiting electrons that are uniquely prescribed by their atomic nucleus. Within the regime of these critical dimensions, QDs exhibit distinctly different behavior from their bulk form, which manifests itself, for example, in distinctly different optical, electronic, and magnetic properties.

Today, scientists can precisely synthesize nanocrystalline materials at these critical dimensions and thereby systematically tune their quantum confining behavior. As a result there is currently enormous interest to exploit and capitalize on the unique properties exhibited by QD materials. As a harbinger for future business developments, colloidal QD-bioconjugates are among the first wave of commercial product applications stimulating market interest. Primarily, these have quickly established a niche market in the life sciences and biomedical communities, where they provide unrivalled cellular imaging and therapeutic detection capabilities. Other promising prototype developments of SC QDs now on the commercial-horizon range include: a new generation of flash memory devices; nanomaterial enhancements for improving the performance of flexible organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as solid-state white-LED lighting; and a core technology used in flexible solar panel coatings.

With these impending commercial developments and their enormous business potential, this report provides a timely assessment of quantum dot materials—where they are currently at, and where they might be in the foreseeable future.

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this report is threefold: to assess the current state-of-the-art in synthesizing QDs; to identify the current market players seeking to exploit QD behavior; and to evaluate actual or potential markets in terms of application, type, and projected market revenues.

INTRODUCTION

MOTIVATION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

SCOPE OF REPORT

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE

METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

RELATED BCC REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

REPORTS

MONTHLY NEWSLETTER

BCC RESEARCH ONLINE SERVICES

DISCLAIMER

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISING TECHNOLOGY SECTORS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS) SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISING COMMERCIAL MARKET SECTORS, 2008-2013 ($ MILLIONS)

OVERVIEW

WHAT IS A QUANTUM DOT?

HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS

TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS

FIGURE 1 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS

TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE

QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY

TABLE 3 OTHER PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS

APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS

STRUCTURAL TYPES

TABLE 4 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QDS

TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)

COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

TABLE 5 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

TABLE 5 (CONTINUED)

KEY TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 6 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS

TABLE 6 (CONTINUED)

Patent Analysis

TECHNOLOGY

SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS

VAPOR PHASE

TABLE 7 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS

TABLE 7 (CONTINUED)

Aerosol Drop Method

Melt Atomization

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Physical Vapor Deposition

Molecular Beam Epitaxy

LIQUID PHASE (“WET” COLLOID CHEMISTRY)

Colloid

Batch Process

Continuous Flow

Precipitation

SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS

LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS

TABLE 8 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS

TABLE 8 (CONTINUED)

SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS

VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS

SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS AND QDS

TABLE 9 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS

TABLE 9 (CONTINUED)

ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES

TABLE 10 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS

LITHOGRAPHY

Conventional Methods

Nanolithography

BOTTOM-UP SELF ASSEMBLY

Cast Film

Langmuir-Blodgett

Layer-by-Layer

Metamaterials

Biomolecular Self-Assembly

OTHER TECHNIQUES

Digital Printing

Digital Printing (Continued)

Nanoporous Templates

PATENT ANALYSIS

RATIONALE

U.S. PATENT & TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO) SEARCH

CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN USPTO ACTIVITY

FIGURE 2 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED, 1986-DECEMBER 31, 2007 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 1,620)

FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 3 COMPARISON OF U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED AND PENDING, 2001-2007 (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS)

FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED)

USPTO ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR

FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGING FROM QD-PATENTS ISSUED, 2005-2007 (%)

TABLE 11 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM ISSUED U.S. QD-PATENTS, 2005-2007

FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN (%) FOR THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS EMERGING FROM QD-PATENTS ISSUED, 1998-2004 (%)

FIGURE 5 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 6 U.S. VERSUS FOREIGN QD PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED BY APPLICATION SECTOR, 2005-2007 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 857)

USPTO ACTIVITY: ASIAN, EUROPEAN, AND OTHER COUNTRIES

FIGURE 7 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 2005-2007 (TOTAL 234)

FIGURE 8 U.S. QD PATENTS ISSUED ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, FOR THE PERIOD 1998-AUGUST 31, 2004 (TOTAL 194)

FIGURE 9 U.S. QD PATENT APPLICATIONS ASSIGNED TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, 2005-2007 (TOTAL 249)

USPTO ACTIVITY: SMALL U.S. COMPANIES

TABLE 12 LEADING U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 12 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 13 OTHER U.S. SMALL BUSINESSES GRANTED TWO OR LESS PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 13 (CONTINUED)

USPTO ACTIVITY: LARGE U.S. COMPANIES

TABLE 14 LEADING U.S. LARGE BUSINESSES GRANTED MUTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

USPTO ACTIVITY: U.S. ACADEMIC, GOVERNMENT, OTHER INSTITUTIONS

TABLE 15 U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 15 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 16 U.S. GOVERNMENT & OTHER INSTITUTIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

USPTO ACTIVITY: ACCORDING TO FOREIGN OWNERSHIP

Asia

TABLE 17 JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 18 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

European and Other Countries

TABLE 19 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES GRANTED PATENTS IN QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

EUROPEAN AND WORLDWIDE INTERNATIONAL PATENT OFFICES

FIGURE 10 WORLDWIDE DATABASE QD PATENTS FILED ACCORDING TO COUNTRY BETWEEN EARLY 2005-MARCH 11, 2008

TABLE 20 WORLDWIDE QD PATENTS FOR LEADING COUNTRIES COMPILED ACCORDING TO FOREIGN PATENT OFFICE: 2005- MARCH 11, 2008

ASIAN PATENT ACTIVITY BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR

FIGURE 11 QD FOREIGN PATENT ACTIVITY FOR LEADING ASIAN COUNTRIES CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR

FIGURE 11 (CONTINUED)

LEADING ORGANIZATIONS BY COUNTRY

Asian Countries

TABLE 21 LEADING CHINESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 22 LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 22 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 23 LEADING KOREAN ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

TABLE 23 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 LEADING TAWAINESE ORGANIZATIONS GRANTED MULTIPLE DOMESTIC PATENTS FOR QD-RELATED TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

Other Countries

TABLE 25 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS FROM OTHER CONTRIES WITH QD-PATENTS FILED WITH FOREIGN PATENT OFFICES, 2005-2007

FUNDING

TABLE 26 MAJOR U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FUNDING QDBASED RESEARCH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY (NIST)

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF) *

MARKETS BY APPLICATION TABLE 27 COMMERCIALLY PROMISING SECTORS WITH FIRSTGENERATION POSSIBILITIES FOR QD-BASED PRODUCTS

BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS

TABLE 28 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTUM DOTS AS BIOLOGICAL LABELS

TABLE 29 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOLABEL SYNTHESIS, 2001-2003

TABLE 29 (CONTINUED)

QD-TAGGED MICROBEADS

LIVE CELL IMAGING

Live Cell Imaging (Continued)

MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION

TABLE 30 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED AND FILED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY— MOLECULAR SPECIES DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION, 2001-2003

ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENTS METHODS

TABLE 31 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ANALYTICAL/INSTRUMENT METHODS, 2001-2003

SENSOR AND MICROARRAY APPLICATIONS

TABLE 32 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED ON QD-BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON SENSOR AND MICRO-ARRAY APPLICATIONS, 2001-2003

MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

TABLE 33 LEADING COMPANIES ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN QDBIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS ISSUED, 2005-2008

TABLE 33 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 34 THE MOST ACTIVE UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN QDBIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENTS ISSUED, 2005-2007

TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)

COMPANY PROFILES—BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA)

Amnis Corporation, (Seattle, WA)

Applera Corporation (Foster City, CA)

Biocrystal Ltd. (Westerville, OH)

Clinical Micro Sensors, Inc./ Osmetech Molecular Diagnostics (Pasadena, CA)

Clontech Laboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA)

Genoptix, Inc. (San Diego, CA)

Helicos BioSciences Corporation (Cambridge, MA)

Illumina, Inc. (San Diego, CA)

Intel Corporation (Santa Clara, CA)

Integrated Raman Bioanalyzer System

MEMS-Based Hydrodynamic Focusing

LI-COR Incorporated (Lincoln, NE)

Luminex Corporation (Austin, TX)

Nanosphere, Inc. (Northbrook, IL)

U.S. Genomics, Inc. (Woburn, MA)

BIOMEDICINE

DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

TABLE 35 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS, 2000-2004

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

TABLE 36 QD MEDICAL APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS: 2005-2007

CANCER THERAPY AND DIAGNOSTICS

Cancer Therapy and Diagnostics (Continued)

DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS

DISEASE SCREENING

IMPLANTABLE DEVICES

Motorola Inc

QinetiQ Plc

SURGICAL AIDS

Spectros Corporation

Teledyne Lighting

Advanced Magnetics, Inc

ELECTRONICS

TABLE 37 NOVEL QD-BASED DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS

TABLE 37 (CONTINUED)

LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL ELECTRONIC DEVICE FABRICATION

Top-Down QD Electronic Device Assembly

TABLE 38 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 1999-2004

TABLE 38 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 39 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING CONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

Bottom-Up QD Electronic Device Assembly—Molecular Electronics

TABLE 40 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION INTO UNCONVENTIONAL NANOELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 40 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 41 U.S. PATENT-BASED DEVELOPMENTS IN QD INTEGRATION USING UNCONVENTIONAL MICROELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY, 2005-2007

QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND CRYPTOGRAPHY

Quantum Computing and Information Processing

Quantum Cryptography

PATENT ACTIVITY

TABLE 42 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS: 1999-2004

TABLE 43 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTERS AND QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY, 2005-2007

Credence Systems Corporation (Milpitas, CA)

D-Wave Systems (Vancouver, Canada)

MagiQ Technologies, Inc. (New York, NY)

Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Cambridge Research Laboratory, U.K

STORAGE/MEMORY DEVICES

TABLE 44 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 1999-2004

TABLE 45 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN MEMORY DEVICES, 2005-2007

OPTOELECTRONICS

LEDS

DISPLAYS

TABLE 46 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES, 2005-APRIL 2008

Boeing Company (Chicago, IL)

E Ink Corporation (Waltham, MA)

Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY)

Goldeneye, Inc. (Carlsbad, CA)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA)

Microvision, Inc. (Redmond, WA)

QD Vision, Inc. (Watertown, MA)

TABLE 47 BENEFITS OF QD-LEDS OVER OTHER DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES

Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd. (Suhan, Korea)

Solexant Corporation (San Jose, CA)

Superimaging, Inc. (Freemont, CA)

FLEXIBLE DISPLAY INDUSTRY

TABLE 48 PROFILE OF SOME EMERGING FLEXIBLE DISPLAY MARKET PLAYERS

TABLE 48 (CONTINUED)

COMPLEMENTARY FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY

Ink-jet Printing

Mist Deposition

LASERS

TABLE 49 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASERS AND LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005-2007

TABLE 50 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005-2007

Finisar Corporation (Sunnyvale, CA)

Innolume GmbH (Dortmund, Germany, and Santa Clara, CA)

TABLE 51 ADVANTAGES OF QD DIODE LASERS

QD Laser, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan)

LEDS AND LIGHTING

TABLE 52 ROADMAP RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SSL-LED TECHNOLOGY/LAMP TARGETS

TABLE 53 IMPORTANT PLAYERS IN GROWING WLED SSL INDUSTRY

TABLE 54 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2005-2007

TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 55 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN LEDS AND RELATED DEVICES AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2005-2007

TABLE 55 (CONTINUED)

Avago Technologies Limited (Singapore)

Evident Technologies, Inc. (Troy, NY)

Group IV Semiconductor Inc. (Ottawa, Canada)

Kopin Corporation (Waltham, MA)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, NM)

3M Company (St. Paul, MN)

Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH (Regensburg, Germany)

Philips Lumileds Lighting Company (San Jose, CA)

Philips Lumileds Lighting Company (Continued)

Innovalight, Inc (Santa Clara, CA)

Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM)

TABLE 56 PROPERTY COMPARISON OF COLLOIDAL QDS AND CONVENTIONAL LED PHOSPHORS

Challenges Facing Solid-State LED Development

TABLE 57 COLLOIDAL QD-BASED SOLID-STATE WHITE LIGHTING: ENABLING FEATURES AND FUTURE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES .... 137

OPTICAL COMPONENTS

BACKGROUND

PATENT ACTIVITY

TABLE 58 U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS AND RELATED DEVICES: 1999-2004

MORE RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY

TABLE 59 RECENT U.S. PATENT-BASED QD DEVELOPMENTS IN OPTICAL COMPONENTS, 2005-2008

Trackdale Ltd. (U.K.)

University of Toronto (Canada)

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Lambda Instruments, Inc. (Blacksburg, VA)

SECURITY

RATIONALE FOR QDS AS AN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY

QDs versus Organic Fluorescent Dyes

Market Drivers

Counterfeiting

ORGANIZATIONS EXPLOITING QD-BASED SECURITY TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 60 KEY ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS OF QDS OR COMPETITIVE MARKING MATERIALS

MORE RECENT SECURITY APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 61 QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS DERIVED FROM U.S. PATENTS, 2005-2008

BioCrystal Ltd. (Westerville, OH)

Center for Forensic Studies, Texas Technical University (Lubbock, TX)

Digimarc Corporation (Beaverton, OR)

Evident Technologies (Troy, NY)

Honeywell International Inc. (Morristown, NJ)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA)

Nanosolutions GmbH (Hamburg, Germany)

National Research Council (Ottawa, Canada)

NCR Corporation (Dayton, OH)

New Light Industries, Ltd. (Spokane, WA)

Oxonica Inc/Nanoplex Technologies, Inc. (Mountain View, CA)

Quantum Dot Corporation (Hayward, CA)

Spectra Systems Corporation (Providence, RI)

Veritec Verification Technologies, Inc. (Essex, CT)

BUSINESS PROGNOSIS OF THE SECURITY MARKET

TABLE 62 RECENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES FOCUSING ON NEW SECURITY DEVELOPMENTS

Market Size

Digital Security Printing

DVDs

Counterfeit Drugs

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

CHEMICAL REACTION ENERGY CONVERSION

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Energy (Continued)

ORGANIC DYE-BASED SOLAR CELLS

TABLE 63 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE POLYMER-BASED OVER CONVENTIONAL RIGID SOLAR CELL DESIGNS

ORGANIC QD-BASED SOLAR CELLS

TABLE 64 SOME ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDAL QDS OVER ORGANIC DYES USED IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS

TABLE 65 MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN PATENTING AND DEVELOPMENT OF QD SOLAR CELLS

Agfa-Gevaert (Belgium)

Harvard University

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Lund University, Sweden

Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA)

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

University of California (Santa Barbara, CA)

University of Idaho

University of Rochester

MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 66 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BY MAJOR PLAYERS INVOLVED IN QD SOLAR CELLS AND COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES, 2005-2008

TABLE 66 (CONTINUED)

THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY CONVERSION

TABLE 67 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN QD ENHANCEMENTS USED IN THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (TE) CONVERSION, 2005-2008

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

QUANTUM DOT PRODUCERS

WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS

Open Market

TABLE 68 CURRENT COMMERCIAL OPEN MARKET COLLOIDAL-QD PRODUCERS

American Elements (Los Angeles, CA)

Bayer Technology Services GmbH (Leverkusen, Germany)

Crystalplex Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA)

Evident Technologies (Troy, NY)

TABLE 69 EVIDENT TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

TABLE 70 RECENT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS AT EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE 70 (CONTINUED)

Hanwha Chemical Corporation (Seoul, South Korea)

Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA)

Quantum Dor Corporation

BioCrystal/BioPixels Limited

Nanoco Technologies, Ltd. (Manchester, U.K.)

(Continued)

Nanosquare Company Ltd. (Seoul, South Korea)

NN-Labs Inc, Fayetteville, AR

NN-Labs Inc, Fayetteville, AR (Continued)

Northern Nanotechnologies, Inc. (Toronto, Canada) .... 186

Ocean NanoTech LLC (Fayetteville, AR)

Oxonica Limited (U.K.)

PlasmaChem GmbH (Berlin, Germany)

Selah Technologies (Pendleton, SC)

Voxtel Inc. (Beaverton, OR)

Closed Market

TABLE 71 COMPANIES EXPLORING OTHER PRODUCT APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLLOIDAL-QDS OR SIMILAR SYSTEMS

Nanosphere Inc. (Northbrook, IL)

Nanosphere Inc. (Northbrook, IL) (Continued)

Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, and Medford, MA)

Nanosys Inc. (Continued)

TABLE 72 NANOSYS LATEST BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS

TABLE 72 (CONTINUED)

SOLID STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS

TABLE 73 U.S. COMPANIES LEADING IN COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID-STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS OF QUANTUM DOTS

FOREIGN COMPETITION IN QUANTUM DOTS

WET CHEMICAL-BASED SYNTHESIS

SOLID-STATE-BASED SYNTHESIS

TABLE 74 ASIAN COMPANIES CURRENTLY LEADING IN COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE-BASED SYNTHESIZED QDS

TABLE 74 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 75 EUROPEAN AND OTHER FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN COMMERCIALLY DEVELOPING SOLID-STATE-BASED SYNTHESIZED QDS

DRIVING FORCES IMPACTING QD INDUSTRY

SPECIALTY AND POTENTIAL FOR COMMODITY QD APPLICATIONS

SOLAR ENERGY

IMPORTANT FACTORS NURTURING GROWTH

DEVICE FABRICATION

TOP-DOWN IN SITU LITHOGRAPHIC FABRICATION

BOTTOM-UP ASSEMBLY

Solid State Synthesis

Wet Colloid Synthesis

BUILDING OF QUANTUM DOT DEVICES

TABLE 76 PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND DEVICE FABRICATION PARADIGMS FOR COLLOIDAL-QDS

CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE QD INDUSTRY

TABLE 77 MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THE COLLOID QD INDUSTRY

NANOTOXICITY

RoHS Directive

PRODUCTION SCALE-UP OF QDS

SURFACE CHEMICAL PASSIVATION

TRADE PRACTICES/REGULATORY ISSUES AND INFORMATION

REGULATORY ISSUES

Toxicity Studies

Environmental Studies

GREEN CHEMISTRY

EVOLUTIONARY STAGE OF INDUSTRY

COLLOIDAL QDS

Colloidal QDs versus Epitaxial QDs

MARKET ANALYSIS

QD COMMERCIAL PRODUCERS

LEADING COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS

TABLE 78 LEADING U.S. COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND COMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS

TABLE 78 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 79 FOREIGN COLLOIDAL QD PRODUCERS: CURRENT PRODUCT PORTFOLIO AND COMMERCIAL MARKET APPLICATIONS

TABLE 79 (CONTINUED)

COMPARISON WITH SOLID-STATE SYNTHESIZED QDS

MAJOR PRODUCTION CHALLENGES

TABLE 80 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING COMMERCIAL QD PRODUCERS

TABLE 81 MARKET FORECASTS FOR COLLOIDAL SC QDS: RATIONALE FOR SELECTING PROMISING SECTORS

TABLE 81 (CONTINUED)

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE

POTENTIAL MARKET SIZE

EVOLUTION OF NC MATERIALS IN BIOLOGICAL DETECTION

MORE RECENT STUDIES

DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS: DEVELOPMENTS AND PARTNERSHIPS

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INVESTMENT

TABLE 82 GOVERNMENT SPONSORSHIPS AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIPS AIDING DEVELOPMENT OF NEW BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF QDS

TABLE 82 (CONTINUED)

EMERGING MARKETS FOR SMALL NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

Standalone Bioconjugate-QD Materials Market

TABLE 83 PREDICTED REVENUE GROWTH IN STANDALONE QDS (BIOCONJUGATE AND OTHER) TARGETED FOR ALL IMPENDING MARKET APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Diagnostic Instrument/QD Integration Applications.... 226

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN MEMORY APPLICATIONS

TABLE 84 SOME FUTURE NANOMATERIALS-BASED MEMORY ARCHITECTURES

TABLE 84 (CONTINUED)

FLASH, THE MEMORY OF CHOICE

Freescale Semiconductor Inc. (Austin, TX)

Freescale Semiconductor Inc….Continued

Other Near-Term Competitive Technologies

Projected Growth in QD-Based Memory Market

FIGURE 12 TOTAL WORLWIDE FLASH MEMORY GROWTH PROJECTION

TABLE 85 PROJECTED MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY FREESCALE’S QD-BASED MEMORY PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

Hewlett-Packard (Palo Alto, CA)

IBM (Yorktown Heights, NY)

Micron Technology Inc. (Boise, ID)

Nanosys Inc. (Palo Alto, CA)

Technical University of Berlin (Germany)

University of California, Los Angeles

University of Cambridge (U.K.)

Other Foreign Competition

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTOELECTRONICS

RIGID LED WHITE LIGHTING

TABLE 86 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF QDS IN SSL WLED TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 86 (CONTINUED)

North American Interests

Foreign Interests

Market Prediction

TABLE 87 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE LED LIGHTING REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

FLEXIBLE LEDS

Market Prediction

RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS

TABLE 88 MAJOR PERFORMANCE ISSUES CONFRONTING OLED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENTS PROVIDED BY QDS

Rigid and Flexible Displays…(Continued)

TABLE 89 PROJECTED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAY REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

DOPED FIBER OPTICS

LASERS

Finisar Corporation (Sunnyvale, CA)

Innolume GmbH (Dortmund, Germany, and Santa Clara, CA)

QD Laser, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan)

OPTICAL COMPONENTS

Evident Technologies, Inc. (Troy, NY)

Trackdale Ltd. (Framingham, U.K.)

QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY

PROJECTED GROWTH FOR QDS IN OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

TABLE 90 PROJECTED OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, 2010-2013 ($ MILLIONS)

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SECURITY APPLICATIONS

TABLE 91 CLASSIFICATION OF COVERT QD SECURITY APPLICATIONS BY MARKET SECTOR

TABLE 91 (CONTINUED)

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY

INITIAL COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MAJOR ISSUES

TABLE 92 MAJOR ISSUES CONFRONTING THE IMPENDING USE OF COLLOIDAL QDS IN SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY

MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Impending QD-Based Solar Products

Cyrium Technologies, Inc. (Ottawa, Canada)

Innovalight, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA)

Nanosys, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA)

Competitive and Parallel Developments Impacting QDSolar Cells

TABLE 93 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS SHAPING COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

TABLE 93 (CONTINUED)

First-Generation—Bulk Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Second-Generation—Inorganic Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells

Third-Generation—Organic Thin Film Solar Cells

Third-Generation—Organic Thin Film Solar Cells (Continued)

PROJECTED GROWTH IN QD-BASED SOLAR MARKET

FIGURE 13 PROJECTED WORLDWIDE GROWTH IN PV SOLAR SYSTEMS

TABLE 94 PROJECTED SOLAR CELL MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QD-BASED PRODUCTS, 2010-2013 ($ MILLIONS)

MARKET PROSPECTS FOR QDS IN OTHER PROMISING SECTORS

FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS

Flexible Electronics (Continued)

APPENDIX

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

UNITS

TABLE 95 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ACTIVE AWARDS RELATING TO QUANTUM DOT RESEARCH

TABLE 95 (CONTINUED)

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH FOR QUANTUM DOTS IN PROMISING TECHNOLOGY SECTORS, THROUGH 2013 ($ MILLIONS)