Biorefinery Technologies and Products Volume 1

Biorefinery Technologies and Products Volume 1

While biofuels account for just 1% of world fuel consumption for transportation and the substitution of oil-based fuels is only 1.8% in the United States, in Brazil it reaches 20%. Latin America is one of the regions with the most potential to offer biofuels given its climatic advantages combined with low population density.

A large part of Brazil’s advantages derives from the climate and the availability of lands. The developed countries do not have enough land to cover demand for crops to make ethanol. With barely 1.5% of its land sown, Brazil could entirely replace gasoline with ethanol. The United States on the other hand, would have to convert half of its total corn production to ethanol in order to implement a mixture of 10% ethanol to gasoline. That would mean dedicating 15% of its agricultural land. To meet the 20% benchmark Bush set in his State of the Union address, the nation has to look South America.

Conventional resources, mainly fossil fuels are becoming limited because of the rapid increase in energy demand. This imbalance in energy demand and supply has placed immense pressure not only on consumer prices but also on the environment, prompting mankind to look for sustainable energy resources. Biomass is one such environmentally friendly renewable resource from which various useful chemicals and fuels can be produced. A system similar to a petroleum refinery is required to produce fuels and useful chemicals from biomass and is known as a biorefinery.

Biorefinery technology separates the plant biomass, so called lignocellulosic materials, into building blocks?phenols and sugars. Biorefinery technologies produce value-added products that might range from basic food ingredients to complex pharmaceuticals and from simple building materials to complex industrial composites. Products such as ethanol, biodiesel, glycerol, lipids, oils, citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, methanol, isopropopanol, vitamins, sugar and protein polymers, etc., could be produced for use as fuels in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

The crucial biorefinery products include energy, special fibers, new adhesives, biodegradable plastics, degradable surfactants, biodetergents, specific polymers and enzymes, etc.—development with a target to fill particular niches. Recently almost 50% of all detergents in the United States of America contain enzymes and the market share in Europe and Japan for enzyme-based detergents is over 90%. The cost of enzymes has dropped by more than 75% in the last 10 years as a result.  
 

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

ANALYSTS CREDENTIALS

RELATED BCC RESEARCH STUDIES

BCC ONLINE SERVICES

DISCLAIMER

SUMMARY

SUMMARY TABLE BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION, THROUGH 2012 ($BILLIONS)

SUMMARY FIGURE BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION, 2004-2012 ($BILLIONS)

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 1 OVERVIEW OF THE BIO-REFINERY VALUE CHAIN

FIGURE 2 OVERVIEW OF THE PETRO-REFINERY VALUE CHAIN

COMPARISON OF BIO-REFINERIES TO PETRO-REFINERIES

TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF BIO-REFINERIES TO PETROREFINERIES

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESOURCES, FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES IN FOSSIL-BASED AND BIO-BASED

REFINERIES

FIGURE 3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESOURCES, FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES IN FOSSIL-BASED AND BIO-BASED REFINERIES

PETRO-REFINERY

TABLE 2 EFFECTIVE DATES FOR ON-HIGHWAY ULSD FUEL

Sulfur Content

Petro-Refinery Capacity

TABLE 3 GLOBAL PETROLEUM REFINING CAPACITY AND CRUDE PRICE, THROUGH 2012

BIOREFINERY

TABLE 4 BIOFUELS MARKET PENETRATION IN TRANSPORTATION FUELS, THROUGH 2012 ($BILLIONS)

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL BIOREFINERIES ON THE GLOBAL

ECONOMY

TABLE 5 DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL (%)

THE INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY

TABLE 12 MATERIALS INPUT TO THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

TABLE 13 VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM BIOMASS

CROSSCUTTING IMPACTS OF BIOPROCESSING AND BIOCONVERSION R&D

TABLE 14 CROSSCUTTING IMPACTS OF BIOPROCESSING AND BIOCONVERSION R&D

OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SPENDING

TABLE 15 GLOBAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SPENDING BY REGION/COUNTRY, THROUGH 2012 ($ PPP BILLIONS)

HIGHEST AND LOWEST RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

EXPENDITURE

United States

European Union

Rest-of the-World

TABLE 16 HIGHEST AND LOWEST R&D EXPENDITURE*, 2006

OVERVIEW OF THE BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

TABLE 17 BIOREFINERY CONVERSION/PRODUCT OPTIONS, BY PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 17 (CONTINUED)

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL (THE TRADITIONAL) TECHNOLOGY

PLATFORM

FIGURE 6 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSING ROUTES FOR VEGETABLE OILS/ GREASE

THE BIOTRANSFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

FIGURE 7 BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

FIGURE 8 THE THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY BIOMASS PROGRAM

TABLE 18 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

BIOREFINERY PLATFORMS

OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR TYPES OF BIOREFINERIES

FIGURE 9 THE CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS PARALLELS THE ROUTE CURRENTLY USED BY THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

FOREST-BASED BIOREFINERIES

FIGURE 10 THE INTEGRATED FOREST PRODUCTS BIOREFINERY

AGRICULTURAL-BASED BIOREFINERY

FIGURE 11 AGRICULTURAL BIOREFINERY

PULP AND PAPER-BASED BIOREFINERY

FIGURE 12 PULP AND PAPER REFINERY

CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS AND BIO-PRODUCTS SPECTRUM

TABLE 19 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS

BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS MARKETING STRATEGIES

CHOICE OF MARKET SEGMENT

CORE TECHNOLOGIES

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

SUPPLY CHAIN DEVELOPMENT

FIGURE 13 OVERVIEW OF BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS—PLATFORM AND MAJOR COMPANY

BIOREFINERY INDUSTRY SEGMENTATION

SEGMENTATION BY BIOPRODUCT APPLICATION

CATEGORY

TABLE 20 INCREASE IN WORLDWIDE BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS APPLICATION MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

SEGMENTATION BY MAJOR COMPANY BIOPRODUCT

CATEGORY / PRODUCERS

METABOLIX INC.

JENEIL BIOSURFACTANT CO

ADM AND NOVOZYMES

BUCKMAN LABORATORIES INTERNATIONAL

CARGILL

DUPONT

TATE & LYLE

PROCTER & GAMBLE

NATURA

AJINOMOTO

DEGUSSA

NOVAMONT

RODENBURG BIOPOLYMERS

BIOTEC

NATIONAL STARCH & CHEMICALS CO.

AVEBE

BIOPLASTIC INC

BIOAMBER

TOYOTA

DOW

TABLE 21 SEGMENTATION BY MAJOR COMPANY BIOPRODUCT CATEGORY/PRODUCERS

TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)

CAPITAL INVESTMENTS IN BIOREFINERY

FEEDSTOCK/BUILDING BLOCK

TABLE 22 ESTIMATED CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TARGET BIOBASED CHEMICALS PRODUCED FROM GLUCOSE BIO-BASED ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL (PETROBASED) PRODUCTS

FIGURE 14 ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION PATHWAYS FROM RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS TO INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

ENERGY BALANCE

TABLE 23 ENERGY BALANCE

ALTERNATIVES TO FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCE

PRODUCTS: ESSENTIAL OILS/AROMAS

Essential Oils and Aroma Oils

Fragrance Oils

TABLE 24 SOURCES, DESCRIPTIONS AND COSTS OF NATURAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCES

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL FUELS: BIO-BASED

TRANSPORTATION FUELS

TABLE 25 FUELS, HYDROCARBONS

FIRST GENERATION AND SECOND GENERATION

BIOTRANSPORTATION FUELS

FIGURE 15 CURRENT AND EMERGING LIQUID BIOFUELS TECHNOLOGIES

Ethanol

Biodiesel

Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO)

Biological Hydrogen (Biohydrogen)

Biogas

TABLE 26 FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS

TABLE 27 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL-BASED ENERGY: RENEWABLE

ENERGY PATHWAYS

FIGURE 16 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY PATHWAYS

Biomass Renewable Energy Pathways

FIGURE 17 MOST APPROPRIATE ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY PATHWAYS FOR BIOMASS

ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL-BASED MATERIALS: BIOBASED

POLYMERS/PLASTICS

TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF BIOPLASTICS WITH CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM PLASTICS

TABLE 29 COMPARISON OF BIOMER PHB PROPERTIES WITH PP, PS AND PE ALTERNATIVES TO FOSSIL-BASED CHEMICALS: BIOBASED CHEMICALS

TABLE 30 LARGE VOLUME BIOBASED CHEMICALS

TABLE 30 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 31 BIOBASED SPECIALTY CHEMICALS

IMPORTANCE OF ‘‘BIOREFINERY’’ CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

FIGURE 18 IMPORTANCE OF ‘‘BIOREFINERY’’ CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

MARKETS AND VALUES FOR POTENTIAL BIOREFINING PRODUCTS

TABLE 32 MARKETS AND VALUES FOR POTENTIAL BIOREFINING PRODUCTS, 2005

WHERE BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS/APPLICATIONS FIT IN THE ECONOMY

FIGURE 19 WHERE BIOREFINERIES PRODUCT APPLICATIONS FIT IN THE ECONOMY

YIELDS AND PRICES OF POTENTIAL AND CONVENTIONAL OIL

CROP FEEDSTOCKS USED FOR CHEMICALS, POLYMERS,

FUEL AND ENERGY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE U.S

TABLE 33 YIELDS AND PRICES OF POTENTIAL AND CONVENTIONAL OIL CROP FEEDSTOCKS USED FOR CHEMICALS, POLYMERS, FUEL AND ENERGY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.

TABLE 33 (CONTINUED)

SOME WILD OR CULTIVATED PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

TABLE 34 LIST OF SOME WILD OR CULTIVATED PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS AND THE PLANT

TABLE 35 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS AND THE PLANT SOURCE

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

ALTERNATIVE BIO-BASED BULK CHEMICAL

FEEDSTOCK/PRECURSOR

TABLE 36 ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTOCK/PROCESS FOR BULK CHEMICAL PRODUCTION

TABLE 36 (CONTINUED)

PROPERTIES OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED FILMS

Properties of Biaxially …(Continued)

TABLE 37 PROPERTIES OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED FILMS OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR HUMAN USE AND CONSUMPTION

TABLE 38 GLOBAL BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL, BY TYPE AND REGION (EJ)

GLOBAL BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR HUMAN USE AND CONSUMPTION

TABLE 39 GLOBAL BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR HUMAN USE AND CONSUMPTION

TABLE 39 (CONTINUED)

BIOREFINING FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

FIGURE 20 OVERVIEW OF THE BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY CHAIN

BIOREFINERY CONCEPTS

TABLE 40 BIOREFINERY CONCEPT/FEEDSTOCK MATRIX

DEMAND BY TYPE OF BIOREFINERY CONCEPT

TABLE 41 DEMAND BY TYPE OF BIOREFINERY CONCEPT, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 42 BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY, TYPE AND EXAMPLES

TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)

Agricultural Residue

Forestry Residue

Municipal/Urban Residue

Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Wastes

TABLE 43 AVERAGE HEAT CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOMASS FUELS

TABLE 43 (CONTINUED)

ENERGY CROPS

Grasses/Herbaceous Crops

Short Rotation Woody Crops

Oil Crops

Trees

TABLE 44 VEGETABLE OIL DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 45 VEGETABLE OIL YIELDS BY CROP, IN ASCENDING ORDER

TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)

LIVESTOCK

TABLE 46 ANIMAL FAT DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 46 (CONTINUED)

BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION AND CONCENTRATION BY APPLICATION SEGMENT

TABLE 47 BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL REFINING, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)

BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL

CHEMICALS PRODUCTION

TABLE 48 BIOREFINERY DERIVED CHEMICALS / POLYMERS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)

BIO-MATERIALS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL MATERIALS (PLASTICS/POLYMERS)

TABLE 49 BIOREFINERY DERIVED MATERIALS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PLASTICS/POLYMERS, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION LBS)

TABLE 50 BIOREFINERY DERIVED MATERIALS MARKET

PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PLASTICS/POLYMERS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

BIOELECTRICITY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

TABLE 51 BIO-DERIVED ELECTRICITY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 (MW)

BIOMASS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PRIMARY

ENERGY PRODUCTION

TABLE 52 BIOMASS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (QUADRILLION BTU/YEAR)

TABLE 53 GLOBAL BIOMASS CONSUMPTION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY, THROUGH 2012 (QUADRILLION BTU)

BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL TRANSPORTATION FUELS PRODUCTION

TABLE 54 BIOFUELS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL TRANSPORTATION FUELS CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 (VOLUME: BARRELS/DAY)

PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL BIOPHARMACEUTICALS

TABLE 55 PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL BIOPHARMACEUTICALS CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)

ESSENTIAL OILS/NATURAL PRODUCTS MARKET

PENETRATION IN GLOBAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCES MARKET

TABLE 56 FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCE PENETRATION IN GLOBAL NON-FOOD HERBAL/BOTANICAL MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 57 NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCE MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 58 NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL BODY CARE MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

BIOREFINERY MARKET DOMINATION AND GLOBALIZATION

MARKET DOMINATION BY COUNTRY

TABLE 59 BIOREFINERY MARKET DOMINATION BY COUNTRY, 2007

MARKET DOMINATION BY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

TABLE 60 BIOREFINERY MARKET DOMINATION BY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM/PRODUCT GROUP, THROUGH 2012

BIOREFINERY MARKET GLOBALIZATION

TABLE 61 OVERVIEW OF BIOMATERIALS, BIOENERGY AND BIOFUELS CORPORATIONS WORLDWIDE

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

INDUSTRY IN TRANSITION

COST OF FOSSIL-BASED FEEDSTOCK

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Coal

TABLE 62 OVERVIEW OF FOSSIL-BASED FEEDSTOCK COSTS, THROUGH 2012

COST OF BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK

Biomass

Biofuel Feedstocks

TABLE 63 OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK COSTS, THROUGH 2012

EFFICIENCY

TABLE 64 OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF WOOD AND OTHER COMPETING FUELS (%)

IMPORTANT SHIFTS AND CONCENTRATION FACTORS

SHIFT IN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ATTITUDE TOWARDS

BIOFUELS

TABLE 65 MAJOR INITIATIVES BY LEADING OIL COMPANIES SHIFT AND CONCENTRATION IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION CENTERS

TABLE 66 SHIFT AND CONCENTRATION IN GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (1,000 TONS)

SHIFT AND CONCENTRATION IN BIOETHANOL

PRODUCTION COUNTRY

TABLE 67 SHIFT IN #1 BIOETHANOL PRODUCING COUNTRY, THROUGH 2012 (1,000 TONS)

ETHANOL TRADE AND ENZYME PRICE

TABLE 68 BRAZILIAN BIOETHANOL NET TRADE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

SHIFTS IN CRUDE OIL PRICES MOVEMENTS AND IMPACTS ON BIOREFINERY

Sugar

FIGURE 21 PRICE MOVEMENTS OF CRUDE OIL AND SUGAR

TABLE 69 ESTIMATES OF PARITY PRICES BETWEEN SUGAR AND CRUDE OIL

Corn

FIGURE 22 PRICE MOVEMENTS OF CRUDE OIL AND CORN

TABLE 70 LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM CORN PRICE VERSUS CRUDE OIL PRICE

FIGURE 23 COST OF CARBON IN CORN VERSUS CRUDE OIL

FIGURE 24 COST OF CARBON IN CELLULOSIC ENERGY CROPS VERSUS CRUDE OIL

SHIFT IN SELECTED INTERNATIONAL PRICES FOR OILCROP / PRODUCTS*

TABLE 71 SELECTED INTERNATIONAL PRICES FOR OILCROP PRODUCTS AND PRICE INDICES*, THROUGH 2006

SHIFT IN OCEAN FREIGHT RATES FOR WHEAT

TABLE 72 OCEAN FREIGHT RATES FOR WHEAT ($/TON)*, THROUGH 2006

SHIFT IN THE SHARE OF U.S. CORN HARVEST USED FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION

TABLE 73 U.S. CORN PRODUCTION, USE FOR FUEL ETHANOL AND FOR EXPORT, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION METRIC TONS)

SHIFT IN ETHANOL PRICE

FIGURE 25 SHIFT IN ETHANOL PRICES

SHIFT IN GLOBAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SPENDING

United States

China

European Union

Rest-of-the-World

TABLE 74 SHIFT IN GLOBAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SPENDING ($ BILLIONS)

CHALLENGES AND THREATS IN THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIOREFINERIES

TABLE 75 YIELDS OF MAJOR U.S. CROPS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Unfair Subsidies

Brazil’s Response

BIOTECH CROPS

TABLE 76 DEMAND FOR BIOTECH CROPS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)

RELATIVE SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS AND BIOPRODUCTS

TABLE 77 RELATIVE SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT

FEEDSTOCKS/BIOPRODUCTS FOR SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE-SCALE APPLICATION

HISTORY OF THE BIOREFINERY INDUSTRY

TAXING BIO-DERIVED CHEMICALS TO DEATH

Taxing Bio-derived…(Continued)

SUPPORTING THE FARMER

LOCAL OWNERSHIP

CURRENT CONDITIONS

PLANNING ON THE NEW BIOREFINERY FRONTIER AND THE FUTURE

FIGURE 26 ANTICIPATED FUTURE ROADMAP FOR BIOREFINING

REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION

INTRODUCTION

TABLE 78 LONG-TERM BIOFUELS DEMAND IN ROAD TRANSPORT

PROJECTION BY REGION, 2004 AND 2030 (MILLION TONS OF OIL EQUIVALENT)

GLOBAL BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK DIVERSIFICATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 79 GLOBAL BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK DIVERSIFICATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

MAJOR THREATS TO THE REGULATION OF BIOREFINERIES

THE BIOFUELS ACT OF 2007

THE AMERICAN FUELS ACT OF 2006

ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005

BIOMASS R&D ACT OF 2000 (AS REVISED BY ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005)

DEFICIT REDUCTION ACT OF 2005

FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT OF 2002

SECTION 932 BIOENERGY PROGRAM

SECTION P41 AMENDMENTS TO THE BIOMASS RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2000

SECTION 942 PRODUCTION INCENTIVES FOR CELLULOSIC

BIOFUELS

SECTION 977 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PROGRAM

SECTION 1501 RENEWABLE CONTENT OF GASOLINE

(RENEWABLE FUELS STANDARDS)

THE 2002 FARM BILL

THE FARM SECURITY AND RURAL INVESTMENT ACT (FSRIA) OF 2002

THE ECONOMIC SECURITY AND RECOVERY ACT OF 2001

THE ENERGY TAX ACT OF 1978 (ETA)

THE CRUDE OIL WINDFALL PROFITS TAX ACT OF 1980 (WPT)

THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY TAX ACT OF 1981 (ERTA)

THE TAX EQUITY FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY ACT OF 1982 (TEFRA)

THE TERMINATION OF ENERGY TAX CREDITS IN 1982 THROUGH 1985

THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1986

THE TAX RELIEF EXTENSION ACT OF 1999

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT AND REFORM ACT OF 1996

BIOPACT

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL

MANUFACTURERS AND ASSOCIATIONS

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT AND HEALTH EDUCATION ACT OF 1994

EUROPEAN STANDARD DIN WN14214

USDA PROPOSES RULE TO ENCOURAGE FEDERAL

PURCHASING OF BIOPRODUCTS

LIST OF TABLES

SUMMARY TABLE BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION, THROUGH 2012 ($BILLIONS)

TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF BIO-REFINERIES TO PETROREFINERIES

TABLE 2 EFFECTIVE DATES FOR ON-HIGHWAY ULSD FUEL

TABLE 3 GLOBAL PETROLEUM REFINING CAPACITY AND CRUDE PRICE, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 4 BIOFUELS MARKET PENETRATION IN TRANSPORTATION FUELS, THROUGH 2012 ($BILLIONS)

TABLE 5 DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL (%)

TABLE 6 IMPACT OF INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMY BY MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTOR

TABLE 7 GEOPOLITICAL, TECHNICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DRIVERS FOR BIOREFINERY DEVELOPMENT

TABLE 8 U.S. AGRICULTURAL TRADE, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLION)

TABLE 9 CROPS ECONOMIC PRICE INDICATORS, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 10 LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ECONOMIC PRICE INDICATORS, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 11 FARM INCOME, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 12 MATERIALS INPUT TO THE UNITED STATES ECONOMY

TABLE 13 VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM BIOMASS

TABLE 14 CROSSCUTTING IMPACTS OF BIOPROCESSING AND BIOCONVERSION R&D

TABLE 15 GLOBAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SPENDING BY REGION/COUNTRY, THROUGH 2012 ($PPP BILLIONS)

TABLE 16 HIGHEST AND LOWEST R&D EXPENDITURE*, 2006

TABLE 17 BIOREFINERY CONVERSION/PRODUCT OPTIONS, BY PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY

TABLE 17 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 18 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY BIOREFINERY PLATFORMS

TABLE 19 CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS

TABLE 20 INCREASE IN WORLDWIDE BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS APPLICATION MARKETS, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 21 SEGMENTATION BY MAJOR COMPANY BIOPRODUCT CATEGORY/PRODUCERS

TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 22 ESTIMATED CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TARGET BIOBASED CHEMICALS PRODUCED FROM GLUCOSE

TABLE 23 ENERGY BALANCE

TABLE 24 SOURCES, DESCRIPTIONS AND COSTS OF NATURAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCES

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 24 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 25 FUELS, HYDROCARBONS

TABLE 26 FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS

TABLE 27 SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS

TABLE 28 COMPARISON OF BIOPLASTICS WITH CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM PLASTICS

TABLE 29 COMPARISON OF BIOMER PHB PROPERTIES WITH PP, PS AND PE

TABLE 30 LARGE VOLUME BIOBASED CHEMICALS

TABLE 30 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 31 BIOBASED SPECIALTY CHEMICALS

TABLE 32 MARKETS AND VALUES FOR POTENTIAL BIOREFINING PRODUCTS, 2005

TABLE 33 YIELDS AND PRICES OF POTENTIAL AND CONVENTIONAL OIL CROP FEEDSTOCKS USED FOR CHEMICALS, POLYMERS, FUEL AND ENERGY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.

TABLE 33 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 34 LIST OF SOME WILD OR CULTIVATED PLANTS SUITABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS

TABLE 34 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 35 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS AND THE PLANT SOURCE

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 35 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 36 ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTOCK/PROCESS FOR BULK CHEMICAL PRODUCTION

TABLE 36 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 37 PROPERTIES OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED FILMS

TABLE 38 GLOBAL BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL, BY TYPE AND REGION (EJ)

TABLE 39 GLOBAL BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR HUMAN USE AND CONSUMPTION

TABLE 39 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 40 BIOREFINERY CONCEPT/FEEDSTOCK MATRIX

TABLE 41 DEMAND BY TYPE OF BIOREFINERY CONCEPT, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 42 BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY, TYPE AND EXAMPLES

TABLE 42 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 43 AVERAGE HEAT CONTENT OF SELECTED BIOMASS FUELS

TABLE 43 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 44 VEGETABLE OIL DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 44 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 45 VEGETABLE OIL YIELDS BY CROP, IN ASCENDING ORDER

TABLE 45 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 46 ANIMAL FAT DESCRIPTIONS

TABLE 46 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 47 BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL REFINING, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)

TABLE 48 BIOREFINERY DERIVED CHEMICALS / POLYMERS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL CHEMICALS, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 49 BIOREFINERY DERIVED MATERIALS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PLASTICS/POLYMERS, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION LBS)

TABLE 50 BIOREFINERY DERIVED MATERIALS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PLASTICS/POLYMERS, HROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS)

TABLE 51 BIO-DERIVED ELECTRICITY MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 (MW)

TABLE 52 BIOMASS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (QUADRILLION BTU/YEAR)

TABLE 53 GLOBAL BIOMASS CONSUMPTION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY, THROUGH 2012 (QUADRILLION BTU)

TABLE 54 BIOFUELS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL TRANSPORTATION FUELS CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 (VOLUME: BARRELS/DAY)

TABLE 55 PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL BIOPHARMACEUTICALS CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)

TABLE 56 FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCE PENETRATION IN GLOBAL NON-FOOD HERBAL/BOTANICAL MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 57 NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL FLAVORS AND FRAGRANCE MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 58 NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET PENETRATION IN GLOBAL BODY CARE MARKET, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 59 BIOREFINERY MARKET DOMINATION BY COUNTRY, 2007

TABLE 60 BIOREFINERY MARKET DOMINATION BY TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM/PRODUCT GROUP, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 61 OVERVIEW OF BIOMATERIALS, BIOENERGY AND BIOFUELS CORPORATIONS WORLDWIDE

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 61 (CONTINUED)

TABLE 62 OVERVIEW OF FOSSIL-BASED FEEDSTOCK COSTS, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 63 OVERVIEW OF BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK COSTS, THROUGH 2012

TABLE 64 OVERALL EFFICIENCY OF WOOD AND OTHER COMPETING FUELS (%)

TABLE 65 MAJOR INITIATIVES BY LEADING OIL COMPANIES

TABLE 66 SHIFT AND CONCENTRATION IN GLOBAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2012 (1,00 TONS)

TABLE 67 SHIFT IN #1 BIOETHANOL PRODUCING COUNTRY, THROUGH 2012 (1,000 TONS)

TABLE 68 BRAZILIAN BIOETHANOL NET TRADE, THROUGH 2012 ($ MILLION)

TABLE 69 ESTIMATES OF PARITY PRICES BETWEEN SUGAR AND CRUDE OIL

TABLE 70 LONG-RUN EQUILIBRIUM CORN PRICE VERSUS CRUDE OIL PRICE

TABLE 71 SELECTED INTERNATIONAL PRICES FOR OILCROP PRODUCTS AND PRICE INDICES*, THROUGH 2006

TABLE 72 OCEAN FREIGHT RATES FOR WHEAT ($/TON)*, THROUGH 2006

TABLE 73 U.S. CORN PRODUCTION, USE FOR FUEL ETHANOL AND FOR EXPORT, THROUGH 2012 (MILLION METRIC TONS)

TABLE 74 SHIFT IN GLOBAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT SPENDING ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 75 YIELDS OF MAJOR U.S. CROPS

TABLE 76 DEMAND FOR BIOTECH CROPS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2012 ($ BILLIONS)

TABLE 77 RELATIVE SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS/BIOPRODUCTS FOR SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE-SCALE APPLICATION

TABLE 78 LONG-TERM BIOFUELS DEMAND IN ROAD TRANSPORT PROJECTION BY REGION, 2004 AND 2030 (MILLION TONS OF OIL EQUIVALENT)

TABLE 79 GLOBAL BIOFUELS FEEDSTOCK DIVERSIFICATION AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

LIST OF FIGURES

SUMMARY FIGURE BIOREFINERY MARKET PENETRATION, 2004-2012 ($BILLIONS)

FIGURE 1 OVERVIEW OF THE BIO-REFINERY VALUE CHAIN

FIGURE 2 OVERVIEW OF THE PETRO-REFINERY VALUE CHAIN

FIGURE 3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RESOURCES, FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES IN FOSSIL-BASED AND BIO-BASED REFINERIES

FIGURE 4 THE INTEGRATED BIOREFINERY

FIGURE 5 IDEALIZED BIOMASS GROWTH AND MANUFACTURING INFRASTRUCTURE

FIGURE 6 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESSING ROUTES FOR VEGETABLE OILS/ GREASE

FIGURE 7 BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

FIGURE 8 THE THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM

FIGURE 9 THE CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS PARALLELS THE ROUTE

CURRENTLY USED BY THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

FIGURE 10 THE INTEGRATED FOREST PRODUCTS BIOREFINERY

FIGURE 11 AGRICULTURAL BIOREFINERY

FIGURE 12 PULP AND PAPER REFINERY

FIGURE 13 OVERVIEW OF BIOREFINERY PRODUCTS—PLATFORM AND MAJOR COMPANY

FIGURE 14 ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION PATHWAYS FROM RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS TO INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

FIGURE 15 CURRENT AND EMERGING LIQUID BIOFUELS TECHNOLOGIES

FIGURE 16 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY PATHWAYS

FIGURE 17 MOST APPROPRIATE ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY PATHWAYS FOR BIOMASS

FIGURE 18 IMPORTANCE OF ‘‘BIOREFINERY’’ CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

FIGURE 19 WHERE BIOREFINERIES PRODUCT APPLICATIONS FIT IN THE ECONOMY

FIGURE 20 OVERVIEW OF THE BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY CHAIN

FIGURE 21 PRICE MOVEMENTS OF CRUDE OIL AND SUGAR

FIGURE 22 PRICE MOVEMENTS OF CRUDE OIL AND CORN

FIGURE 23 COST OF CARBON IN CORN VERSUS CRUDE OIL

FIGURE 24 COST OF CARBON IN CELLULOSIC ENERGY CROPS VERSUS CRUDE OIL

FIGURE 25 SHIFT IN ETHANOL PRICES

FIGURE 26 ANTICIPATED FUTURE ROADMAP FOR BIOREFINING