World Powder Metallurgy Market

World Powder Metallurgy Market

This report analyzes the worldwide markets for Powder Metallurgy in Millions of US$. The report provides separate comprehensive analytics for North America, Japan, Europe, and Rest of World. Annual forecasts are provided for each region for the period of 2000 through 2015. The report profiles 160 companies including many key and niche players worldwide such as ACu Powder International, LLC, ATI Alldyne, American Chemet Corporation, AMETEK Specialty Metal Products, Burgess-Norton Manufacturing Co, Carpenter Powder Products, Crucible Materials Corporation, Daido Steel Co Ltd., Dowa Holdings Co Ltd., Erasteel SAS, F. W. Winter Inc & Co. Federal-Mogul Corporation, Fine Sinter Co. Ltd., GKN Sinter Metals, Hoeganaes Corporation, H.C. Starck Inc., Hawk Corporation, Höganäs AB, Inco Special Products, JFE Steel Corporation, Kennametal Inc., Kobe Steel Ltd, Kobelco Metal Powder of America, Inc., Metaldyne Corporation, Mi-Tech Metals, Inc., MMC Norilsk Nickel, Plansee Mitsubishi Materials Global Sinter Holding S.A., Pometon SpA, Quebec Metal Powders Ltd., Revere Industries, LLC, Sandvik Osprey Ltd., Toyal America, Inc., Umicore S.A., and United States Bronze Powders Inc. Market data and analytics are derived from primary and secondary research. Company profiles are mostly extracted from URL research and reported select online sources.

POWDER METALLURGY MCP-1428
A GLOBAL STRATEGIC BUSINESS REPORT


CONTENTS


I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONS

Study Reliability and Reporting Limitations I-1
Disclaimers I-2
Data Interpretation & Reporting Level I-2
Quantitative Techniques & Analytics I-3
Product Definition and Scope of Study I-3


II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Market Dynamics II-1
Global Outlook II-1
Trends and Issues II-2
New Applications and Materials to Drive P/M Market Growth II-2
Powdered Metallurgy Market Continues to be Buoyant II-2
Rising Prices Concerns the Industry II-2
Powder Metal Consumption in the Auto Industry II-2 Marked
Trends towards Finer Powders and Advanced PM Parts II-3
Expanding Applications Drive Powder Metals Market II-3
Aluminum and Titanium Base Powders Witness Growth II-4
Nanopowders: A Major Area of Focus II-4
Intense Consolidation: An Ongoing Process II-4
M & A Activity in the PM Industry: 2003-2008: A Review II-5
Competitive Landscape II-5
GKN Dominates Fragmented PM Parts Industry II-5
Diverse Company and Product Strategies II-6
Powder Metallurgy and Auto Industry II-6
Historical Relationship Between P/M and Automotive Industry II-6
Benefits for Automotive Industry II-6
Powder Metallurgy in Passenger Cars II-6
Powertrain and Transmission II-7
Carrier Housings II-7
VVT II-7
Prospective Applications II-7

2. Product Overview and Analysis II-8
Metal Powders: History II-8
Definition II-8
Attributes II-8
Particle Size Distribution: A Key Attribute II-9
Metal Powders Classification II-9
Ferrous Powders II-9
Iron Powder II-9
Stainless Steel Powder II-10
Non-Ferrous Powders II-10
History II-10
Scope II-10
Types of Non-Ferrous Powders II-10
Aluminum Powder II-10
History II-10
Benefits II-11
Applications II-11
Types of Atomized Aluminum Powders II-11
Aluminum PM Production II-11
Aluminum Powder Metallurgy Process II-12
Copper Powder II-12
Nickel Powder II-12
Titanium Powder II-13
Refractory Metals II-13
Tantalum II-13
Tungsten II-13
Powder Metallurgy II-13
Introduction II-13
Powder Metallurgy vs. Other Techniques (Machining, Die
Casting and Forging) II-14
Process Description II-14
Fundamental Steps II-15
Types of Methods II-16
Mixing II-16
Pressing II-16
Forming II-16
Sintering II-17
Sinter Hardening II-18
Post Sintering Operations II-18
Re-Pressing II-18
Hot Re-Press II-18
Forging II-18
Infiltration II-19
Impregnation II-19
Heat-Treatment II-19
Surface Hardening II-19
Steam Treatment II-19
Blueing II-19
Plating II-19
Coating II-19
Mechanical Treatment II-20
De-Burring II-20
Rapid Solidification II-20
Advantages II-20
Disadvantages II-21
Applications of PM and PM Parts II-21
Metal Powders II-21
PM Parts II-22
Powder Metallurgy: Suitable Technique for Parts Production
and MMC II-22
Powder Metallurgy Magnets II-22
Powder Metallurgy in Tool Steels II-23
Products Derived from Metal Powders II-23
Mechanical or Structural Components II-23
Ferrous Structural Parts II-23
Non-Ferrous Structural Components II-24
Exclusive High-Duty Alloys II-24
Composite Materials II-24
Hard Metals and Diamond Tools II-24
Magnetic and Electric Parts II-25
Porous Materials II-25
Powder Metal Parts: Production Technologies II-25
High-Potential Technologies II-25
Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) II-25
Dynamic Magnetic Compression (DMC) II-25
Spray Forming II-26
Metal Injection Molding (MIM) II-26
Powder Injection Molding (PIM) II-27
Traditional Methods II-27
Hot Pressing II-27
Isostatic Pressing II-28
Cold Isostatic Pressing II-28
Hot Isostatic Pressing II-28
Extrusion II-28
Hot Extrusion II-29
Cold Extrusion II-29
Roll Compaction II-29
Other Methods II-30
Powder Forging II-30
Powder Rolling II-30
Net Shape Processing II-30
Powder Metal Processing Techniques II-30
Atomization Process II-31
Gas Atomization II-31
Water Atomization II-32
Electrolysis II-32
Mechanical Comminution Methods II-32
Mechanical Alloying II-32
Chemical Methods II-33
Diffusion Bonding II-33
Solid State Reduction II-33
Hydrometallurgical Process II-33
Hunter Process II-34
Kroll Process II-34
Powder Metallurgy Equipment II-34
Associations/Federations II-34
Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) II-34
APMI International II-34

3. Product Introductions/Innovations II-35
JFE Group Develops New Steel Sheet, JFE ECOGAL™ II-35
Toyal Launches Atomized Aluminum Powders II-35
Kobe Steel Introduces Water Clarifying Iron Powder II-35
Crucible Materials Develops New Powder Metallurgy 625M Alloy II-35
Stratasys Designs Cobalt-Chromium Alloy, ASTM F-75 II-35
MLC Extrusion Develops High Pressure Extrusion Process II-36
DuPont Offers High Purity Titanium Metal Powder II-36
QinetiQ Develops New Stainless Steel Powder Tesimorph ES25 II-36
Powder Metallurgy Community Launches New Property Database II-36
Carpenter Technology Develops New Hot-Forged Tooling and Near
-Net-Shape Elements II-36
AMETEK Offers New Stainless Steel Powders Line II-37
AMETEK Launches Ultra Power™ Nickel Strip II-37

4. Recent Industry Activity II-38
AMETEK Takes Over Reading Alloys II-38
Carpenter Powder Acquires Ultrafine Powder II-38
JFE to Expand Output of Ultrafine Nickel Powders II-38
Alconix to Establish Subsidiary in Taiwan II-39
China Direct to Establish Aluminum Recycling Plant II-39
Kobe Steel Plans to Close Down US Steel Powder Operations II-39
Magnezit Takes Over Razdolinskiy Plant II-39
Dowa to Acquire Yamaha Subsidiaries II-39
Ceratizit Takes Over Newcomer Products II-40
W. C. Heraeus GmbH Acquires French Company PSP II-40
Sandvik Takes Over Metso Powdermet II-41
Asahi Tec Acquires Metaldyne Corporation II-41
Ametek Takes Over Hamilton Precision Metals II-41
GKN Sinter Metals Acquires Teleflex Aerospace II-41
JFE Steel and Gerogsmarienhütt Renew Comprehensive Cooperation
Deal II-42
Xiamen Tungsten and Luoyang Government Sign Letter of Intent II-42
Apex Advanced Technologies Collects US Patent II-42
Three Chinese Firms to Setup a Tungsten and Molybdenum Facility II-42
Raymor’s Subsidiary Starts Production Operations II-42
Shandong to Expand Manufacturing Capacity of Alumina Powder II-43
Reading Alloys to Build a New Plant in South Heidelberg Township II-43
Plansee Announces Major Expansions II-43
Hoganas Brazil Ltd Plans to Build New Plant II-43
North American Hoganas Plans to Expand II-44
Rolls Royce and Metalysis to Establish Tantalum Plant II-44
Crucible to Build Service Center in Ohio II-44
Teikoku Piston Ring to Build New Plant II-44
Anqing TP to Build a New Plant II-44
Cloyes Gear and Products Divests Cloyes Europe GmbH II-45
Bayer Divests H.C. Starck to Advent and Carlyle II-45
OM Group Divests Nickel Business II-45
Miba AG Establishes New Plant in China II-46
Saw Mill Capital Partners Announces Acquisition of Hawk Corp’s
Division II-46
Hascor International and Shieldalloy Metallurgical Form Alliance II-46
Dowa Establishes Subsidiary in Thailand II-46
Ingushetia to Build Mining and Metallurgy Complex II-47
ECKA Granules Establishes New Production Units in the US II-47
Element Six Acquires Technology from Skeleton Technologies II-47
Brovary Powder Metallurgy Reduces Iron Powder Output II-47
Inco Limited, Falconbridge, and Phelps Dodge Merge to form
Phelps Dodge Inco II-47
Kennametal Divests Electronics Business, Kemmer Praezision II-48
BHP Billiton and MMC Norilsk Nickel form Alliance to Explore
Minerals II-48
Hydropulsor Receives Contract for HVC Machines from Metec
Powder Metal II-48
Great Western Technologies Signs Pact with NiMH Powder
Production Equipment II-48
BorgWarner Morse’s Camshaft Sprockets Wins IPMD Competition Award II-49
Sandvik to Acquire Stake in Gesac II-49
Gibraltar Takes Over Two Metal Companies and Gutter Helmet’s
Product Line II-49
Mitsubishi Materials and Sinterstahl Group Enter into Merger
Agreement II-49
Sumic Nickel Netherlands Acquires 21% stake in Goro Nickel II-49
Revere Merges with Four Companies of Charter Oak Capital Partners II-50
Umicore Signs Agreement with Traxys II-50
Metaldyne Signs MOU with Dongfeng Motor Co II-50
Hoganas Divests Copper Powder Businesses II-50
JFE Steel Markets New Iron Powder II-50
Kobe Steel Increases Production of Iron Powder II-50
Osprey Changes its Name II-51
QMP Plans to Invest in China II-51
Metal Powder Products Shifts Headquarters II-51
Hoeganaes Purchases Ductil Iron Powder II-51
Höganäs AB Purchases SCM Metal Products II-51
ATW Companies Purchases Parmatech Corporation II-51
Gasbarre Products Inc Takes Over C.I. Hayes Equipment Division II-52
Tomkins Plc Acquires Shares of Stackpole II-52
Metalpo Industria e Comercio Ltda Purchases Powder Metallurgy
Division II-52
MPP Acquires Dynagear’s Division II-52
PVA TePla Purchases More of MIMTech’s Shares II-52
Plansee Purchases Polese II-52
Several Firms Team Up for Development Project II-53
Drever Company and Rose Corporation Sign Licensing Agreement II-53
Lovejoy, Inc. Creates New Division for Compacting System II-53
Reade Advanced Materials Starts New Facility II-53
Powdermet Opens New Facility in Ohio II-53
OM Group Divests Metal Powders Unit II-53
Sandvik Sells Stake in Powder Business II-54
Hyundai Motor Co Selects Powder Metal Connecting Rods for its
V-6 Engines II-54
Kawasaki Steel to Increase Iron Powder Capacity II-54
MPP Stops Production at Coldwater Facility II-54
EnDurAloy Corp to Change Name to Allomet Corp II-54
Hoeganaes Changes Name of European Operations II-54
GM to Use PM-based Planetary Gear Carrier Assemblies II-55

5. Focus on Select Global Players II-56
ACu Powder International, LLC (US) II-56
ATI Alldyne (USA) II-56
American Chemet Corporation (US) II-56
AMETEK Specialty Metal Products (US) II-56
Burgess-Norton Manufacturing Co (US) II-57
Carpenter Powder Products (US) II-57
Crucible Materials Corporation (USA) II-57
Daido Steel Co Ltd (Japan) II-58
Dowa Holdings Co Ltd (Japan) II-58
Erasteel SAS (France) II-58
F. W. Winter Inc & Co (US) II-58
Federal-Mogul Corporation (US) II-59
Fine Sinter Co. Ltd. (Japan) II-59
GKN Sinter Metals (US) II-59
Hoeganaes Corporation II-59
H.C. Starck Inc (US) II-59
Hawk Corporation (US) II-60
Höganäs AB (Sweden) II-60
Inco Special Products (US) II-60
JFE Steel Corporation (Japan) II-60
Kennametal Inc (US) II-61
Kobe Steel Ltd (Japan) II-61
Kobelco Metal Powder of America, Inc II-61
Metaldyne Corporation (US) II-61
Mi-Tech Metals, Inc. (US) II-62
MMC Norilsk Nickel (Russia) II-62
Plansee Mitsubishi Materials Global Sinter Holding S.A. (
Luxembourg) II-62
Pometon Spa (Italy) II-62
Quebec Metal Powders Ltd. (Canada) II-63
Revere Industries, LLC (USA) II-63
Sandvik Osprey Ltd. (UK) II-63
Toyal America, Inc. (US) II-63
Umicore S.A. (Belgium) II-64
United States Bronze Powders Inc (US) II-64

6. Global Market Perspective II-65
Table 1: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Metal Powders by Geographic Region - North America, Japan,
Europe, and Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with
Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2000 through
2010 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-65

Table 2: World Long-term Projections for Metal Powders by
Geographic Region - North America, Japan, Europe, and Rest of
World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures
in US$ Million for Years 2011 through 2015 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-66

Table 3: World 10-Year Perspective for Metal Powders by
Geographic Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for
North America, Japan, Europe, and Rest of World Markets for
Years 2003, 2008, & 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-67

Table 4: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for P/M
Parts by Geographic Region - North America, Japan, Europe, and
Rest of World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales
Figures in US$ Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-68

Table 5: World Long-term Projections for P/M Parts by
Geographic Region - North America, Japan, Europe, and Rest of
World Markets Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures
in US$ Million for Years 2011 through 2015 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-69

Table 6: World 10-Year Perspective for P/M Parts by Geographic
Region - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar Sales for North
America, Japan, Europe, and Rest of World Markets for Years
2003, 2008 & 2012 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-70


III. MARKET

1. North America III-1
A.Market Overview III-1
Growth in the North American PM Industry III-1
Powder Metallurgy Industry in North America III-1
Metal Powder Demand to Increase III-2
Current & Future Analysis III-2
Competitive Scenario III-2
Table 7: Leading Players in the North American Metal
Powders Market (2005 & 2006): Percentage Market Share by
Company - Hoeganaes, Höganäs, QMP, and Others (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-3

Table 8: Leading Players in the US Metal Powder Market
(2005 & 2006): Percentage Breakdown of Value Sales for GKN
Sinter Metals, Höganäs AB, Kobe Steel Ltd, and Others
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-3

Table 9: Leading Players in North American Metal Powder
Components Market (2005 & 2006): Percentage Market Share by
Company - Federal Mogul Corporation, GKN Sinter Metals,
Hawk Corporation, Hitachi Powdered Metals Co., Ltd.,
Keystone Powdered Metal Company, Sumitomo Electric
Industries, Ltd, and Others (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-4
Metal Powder Shipments III-4
Table 10: North American Metal Powder Market (2005 &
2006): Shipments by Select Metal - Aluminum, Copper &
Copper Base, Iron & Steel, Molybdenum, Nickel, Stainless
Steel, Tin, Tungsten, and Tungsten Carbide (in Short Tons)
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-4

Table 11: US Metal Powders Market (2006 & 2007): Exports
(in US$ Thousand) for Granules & Powders of Pig Iron,
Spiegeleisen, Iron, or Steel; Zinc Powders and Flakes;
Tungsten (Wolfarm) Powders; Aluminum Powders; Copper
Powders; Gold Powder (Non-Monetary); Nickel Powders and
Flakes; Silver Powder; Lead Powders and Flakes; and
Molybdenum Powders III-5

Table 12: US Metal Powders Market (2006 & 2007): Imports
(in US$ Thousand) for Granules & Powders of Pig Iron,
Spiegeleisen, Iron, or Steel; Zinc Powders and Flakes;
Tungsten (Wolfarm) Powders; Aluminum Powders; Copper
Powders; Gold Powder (Non-Monetary); Nickel Powders and
Flakes; Silver Powder; Lead Powders and Flakes; and
Molybdenum Powders (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-5

Table 13: Canadian Metal Powders Market (2006 & 2007):
Exports (in US$ Thousand) for Granules & Powders of Pig
Iron, Spiegeleisen, Iron, or Steel; Zinc Powders and
Flakes; Tungsten (Wolfarm) Powders; Aluminum Powders;
Copper Powders; Gold Powder (Non-Monetary); Nickel Powders
and Flakes; Silver Powder; Lead Powders and Flakes; and
Molybdenum Powders III-6

Table 14: Canadian Metal Powders Market (2006 & 2007):
Imports (in US$ Thousand) for Nickel Powders and Flakes;
Granules & Powders of Pig Iron, Spiegeleisen, Iron, or
Steel; Copper Powders; Tungsten (Wolfarm) Powders;
Aluminum Powders; Silver Powder; Zinc Powders and Flakes;
Gold Powder (Non-Monetary); Molybdenum Powders; and Lead
Powders and Flakes (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-6
Trends in the Market III-7
Role of Metal Powders in Automotive Industry III-7
Increase in Light Trucks and SUVs III-8
Impact of Metal Parts on Automotive III-8
Consumption Trends III-8
Developments in Iron Powder Segment III-9
Product Launches/Developments III-9
Strategic Corporate Developments III-10
Key Players III-18
B.Market Analytics III-25
Table 15: North American Recent Past, Current & Future
Analysis for Metal Powders by Product Segment - Iron &
Steel, Stainless Steel, Copper & Copper Base, Aluminum,
Molybdenum, Tungsten, Tungsten Carbide, Nickel and Tin -
Independently Analyzed with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-25

Table 16: North American Long-term Projections for Metal
Powders by Product Segment - Iron & Steel, Stainless Steel,
Tungsten, Aluminum, and Others - Independently Analyzed with
Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011 through
2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-25

Table 17: North American 10-Year Perspective for Metal
Powders by Product Segment - Percentage Breakdown of Dollar
Sales for Iron & Steel, Stainless Steel, Copper & Copper
Base, Aluminum, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Tungsten Carbide,
Nickel and Tin for Years 2003, 2008 & 2012 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-26

Table 18: North American Recent Past, Current & Future
Market Analysis for P/M Parts With Annual Sales Figures in
US$ Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-27

Table 19: North American Long Term Projections for P/M Parts
With Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011
through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-27

2. Japan III-28
A.Market Overview III-28
Outlook III-28
Metal Powder Shipments III-28
Table 20: Japanese Iron/Steel & Copper/Copper Base Powder
Shipments for the Years2000 through 2010 in Short Tons
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-28
Competitive Landscape III-29
Table 21: Leading Players in the Japanese Metal Powders
Market (2006): Percentage Market Share by Company -
Kawasaki, Kobe, Höganäs, QMP, and Others (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-29
Product Launches/Developments III-29
Strategic Corporate Developments III-30
Key Players III-31
B.Market Analytics III-33
Table 22: Japanese Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for Metal Powders with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-33

Table 23: Japanese Long-term Projections for Metal Powders
with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011
through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-33

Table 24: Japanese Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for P/M Parts with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-34

Table 25: Japanese Long Term Projections for P/M Parts with
Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011 through
2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-34

3. Europe III-35
A.Market Overview III-35
Outlook III-35
Metal Powder Shipments III-35
Table 26: European Iron/Steel Powder and Copper/Copper Base
Powder Market (2000-2010): Shipments in Short Tons
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-35
Market Share Scenario III-35
Table 27: Leading Players in the European Metal Powders
Market (2006): Percentage Market Share by Company -
Höganäs, QMP, and Others (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-35
European Powder Metallurgy Industry III-36
End-Use Markets III-36
Obstacles Hindering Market Growth III-36
PM Industry in Central and Eastern Europe III-36
Russia III-36
Bulgaria III-36
Belarussia III-37
Product Launches/Developments III-37
Strategic Corporate Developments III-37
Key Players III-42
B.Market Analytics III-44
Table 28: European Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for Metal Powders with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-44

Table 29: European Long-term Projections for Metal Powders
with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011
through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-44

Table 30: European Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for P/M Parts with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-45

Table 31: European Long-term Projections for P/M Parts with
Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011 through
2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-45

4. Rest of the World III-46
A.Market Overview III-46
Current & Future Analysis III-46
Asia-Pacific Powder Metallurgy Market III-46
Table 32: Leading Players in the Asian Metal Powders Market
(2006): Percentage Market Share by Company - Kobe, Höganäs,
Kawasaki, and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-46
State of the Chinese Powder Metallurgical Industry III-46
Chinese Government Limits Tungsten Exports III-47
Table 33: Chinese Imports of Titanium Dioxide: 2004-2007
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-47
Product Launch III-47
Strategic Corporate Developments III-47
B.Market Analytics III-51
Table 34: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for Metal Powders with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-51

Table 35: Rest of World Long-term Projections for Metal
Powders with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years
2011 through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-51

Table 36: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future Market
Analysis for PM Parts with Annual Sales Figures in US$
Million for Years 2000 through 2010 (includes corresponding
Graph/Chart) III-52

Table 37: Rest of World Long-term Projections for PM Parts
with Annual Sales Figures in US$ Million for Years 2011
through 2015 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-52


IV. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE