The forecasted labour cost per employee FTE for the operation of gravel and sand pits, as well as the mining of clays and kaolin in France, shows a gradual upward trend from 2024 to 2028. In 2023, the labour cost stood at a level below 64.1 thousand Euros. Year-on-year, these costs are expected to increase incrementally by approximately 1.3% to 1.5% annually over the forecasted period. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the five years from 2024 to 2028 averages about 1.4% per year.

Future trends to watch for include:

Potential impacts of automation and technology advances on labour cost structures.
Influence of economic and policy changes on mining industry labour markets.
Environmental regulations possibly affecting operational costs and workforce requirements.