In 2023, the actual higher education expenditure on R&D in Italy stood at a value below the forecasted rate starting from 2024. The projections from 2024 to 2028 indicate a stable trend at 0.35% of GDP from 2024 to 2027, with a slight increase to 0.36% in 2028. This steady pattern suggests minimal year-on-year variation until the predicted rise in 2028.

The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) across these years shows a very modest increase, averaging less than 1% annually. This suggests consistent, albeit minimal, growth in investment in higher education R&D relative to GDP.

Future trends to watch for:

Potential policy shifts influencing R&D funding post-2028.
Comparative growth relative to other European nations' R&D spending.
The impact of Italy's broader economic changes on higher education R&D allocation.