In 2023, Italy's higher education expenditure on R&D in the natural sciences and engineering was slightly below the projected figures for 2024. The forecasted data shows a steady increase from 2024 to 2028, with a consistent annual growth rate of approximately 0.9%. This indicates a strong and sustained commitment to enhancing research capabilities in these fields.

Future trends to watch for include:

Potential impact of governmental policy changes on funding.
Influence of international collaborations on research output and funding dynamics.
Advancements in technology potentially accelerating R&D activities.