The forecasted refinery output of gas oil and diesel oil in Italy, excluding the biofuel portion, shows a gradual increase from 1.32 million terajoules in 2024 to 1.3714 million terajoules in 2028. This indicates a consistent year-on-year growth rate, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 0.96% over five years, starting from an actual output of 1.31 million terajoules in 2023. In recent years leading up to 2024, the output has demonstrated steady growth, reflecting the industry's capacity to meet demand.

Future trends to watch for include:

The impact of environmental policies and regulations on refinery operations.
Technological advancements in refining processes and their effects on efficiency.
Changes in domestic and international demand for diesel and gas oil.
The potential increase in biofuel integration altering the non-biofuel refinery output.