In 2023, the labour costs in the coke and refined petroleum products sector in France were below the forecast for 2024, which indicates an upward trend reaching 810 million euros. However, from 2024 onwards, a consistent decline begins, with costs declining slightly to 808 million euros by 2028. The average annual decline over these five years (CAGR) suggests modestly controlled labour cost pressures. Year-on-year percentage changes highlight the stability of these costs, indicating a maturing industry with minimal fluctuations towards the end of the forecast period.

Future trends to watch for:

Potential impact of automation and technological advancements on labour costs.
Changes in global oil prices and their indirect effects on labour expenses in the sector.
Regulatory changes regarding labor and environmental policies that could influence costs.
Macroeconomic factors such as inflation rates and their impact on wages.