The lubricants refinery output in Italy is forecasted to decline gradually from 2024 onwards, starting at 13.7 thousand gigawatthours in 2024 and decreasing by 0.05 thousand gigawatthours each subsequent year, reaching 13.5 thousand gigawatthours by 2028. In 2023, the output level was at 13.7 thousand gigawatthours, indicating a trend of consistent yet slight reduction over the forecasted period.

Future trends to watch for include:

The impact of environmental regulations and green policies on refinery operations and outputs.
Technological advancements and their role in improving efficiency, potentially altering the decline rate.
Market demand shifts driven by economic factors or changes in consumer preferences for sustainable alternatives.