From 2013 to 2022, the intensity fluctuated, with notable increases in 2016 and 2019 (13.36% and 20.8%, respectively). The last two years recorded a rise and slight drop, with 4.09% in 2021 and -2.89% in 2022. The CAGR for 2022-2028 is forecasted at 1.55%, indicating steady growth.
Future trends to watch include advancements in sustainable nanotechnology and applications in healthcare and AI, which could drive further increases in R&D intensity.
